@article {1655, title = {Antimicrobial Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Investigation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Bridellia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1248-1256}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1248}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microbial infections cause high morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Antimicrobial resistance, emergence of new strains, high costs of antibiotics, inaccessibility-especially in remote areas, and adverse effects, impede successful eradications of pathogens, hence the need for novel strategies. Bridellia micrantha is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections; however, it has not been empirically validated. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Bridellia micrantha was investigated using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts in exposed nauplii. Acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts in Winstar rats were investigated following the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. Results: The aqueous and methanolic extract of B. micrantha indicated varied antimicrobial activities against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.00mm to 19.00mm. Furthermore, the studied plant extracts exhibited low MIC values (<=100 μg/ml) on selected microbes. Since the MIC values were much lower than 1000μg/ml (the cutoff for antimicrobial efficacy appraisal), it is anticipated that, the studied plant extracts can be strong antibiotics. The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of 486.67{\textpm}3.15 μg/ml and 458.33{\textpm}2.87 μg/ml, respectively; however, these extracts did not elicit any observable signs of toxicity in rat models. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinones were detected in the two studied extracts. Conclusions: The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha have appreciable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus and C. albicans. Besides, the studied plant extracts are cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii; but they do not cause acute oral toxicity effects in rat models. Additionally, the studied plant extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals, with antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp lethality Assay, Median lethal concentration (LC50), median lethal dose (LD50), Minimum inhibitory concentration, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.158}, author = {Joseph M Kathare and James M Mbaria and Joseph M Nguta and Gervason A Moriasi and Alfred O Mainga} } @article {1191, title = {Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {897-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Introduction: Foodborne disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and most of the disease is related to food spoilage by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of a natural antibiotic to inhibit these foodborne bacteria. Materials and Methods: Disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were performed to access the antibacterial activity of the fungal extracts against test bacteria. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the structural degeneration of bacterial cells exposed to the extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 demonstrated favorable antibacterial activity towards all test bacteria with inhibition zone ranged from 15.0 mm to 26.0 mm. All test bacteria were resistant to hexane and butanolic extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate extract between 62.5 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL whereas minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was in the range of 125 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. The SEM micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on the bacterial cells after exposure to the extract with alteration in their morphology and cell death beyond repair. Conclusion: The extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat foodborne bacteria.

}, keywords = {Foodborne disease, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Scanning electron microscope}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.127}, author = {Taufiq MMJ and Darah I} } @article {1138, title = {Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {493-502 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.

}, keywords = {Diethyl ether, HPTLC, Iotrochota baculifera, Minimum inhibitory concentration, X. muta, Xetospongia exigua}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.76}, author = {Noor Azlina Kamaruding and Noraznawati Ismail and Noormaizura Sokry} } @article {1081, title = {Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Research development has been carried out by exploring antimicrobial agents from herbal sources that can be further developed as anti-acne drugs. Some previous studies reported that bawang dayak has antibacterial properties. However, the study of bawang dayak as anti-acne in Indonesia was limited so that it becomes one of the reasons why this study should be developed. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bawang dayak ethanol extract and to determine the antibacterial activity of the chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract. Methods: The MIC value was determinate by measured initial absorbance and final absorbance of ten variations of concentration of extract using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction was performed using the disc diffusion technique, with five variations of concentration against P.acnes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus. Results: The decrease in absorbance value occurred at a concentration of 0.19\%, 1.56\% to 100\%, which means that at that concentration can inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity showed that both the chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract were active against all the tested bacteria, whose inhibition zones were in the range of 5.8 {\textpm} 0.9 - 23.6 {\textpm} 2.3 mm. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract showed better antibacterial activity than chloroform fraction of bawang dayak extract. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the concentration of 0.19\% is the MIC of bawang dayak extract against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by 20\% of ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Acne-causing bacteria, Antibacterial activity, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., Minimum inhibitory concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.9}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Syahrida Dian Ardhany} } @article {705, title = {Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1055-1060}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1055}, abstract = {

Background: The effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections has been on the decline due to bacterial resistance. To improve clinical management of recalcitrant bacterial infections, alternative therapy such as medicinal plant products are now being evaluated. This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola fractions on clinical isolates of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria and Candida. Materials and Methods: Escherichia coli\ , Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens and Candida species were used for the study. Microbial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using basic microbiological procedures. Confirmation of all isolates was done using the VITEK 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy I\’Etoile France). The powdered dried seeds of G. kola were extracted with 70\% methanol for 7 days, using a cold maceration method. The crude extracts were evaporated to dryness, using different solvents to obtain the fractions according to standard fractionation techniques. Results: The aqueous, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25mg/ml were active against A. baumannii. Ethyl acetate fraction at MIC of 20 mg/ml also produced growth inhibition of same isolates. At the same MICs, the different fractions were observed to inhibit the growth of candida albicans (CF1) isolate. Overall, aqueous fraction of G. kola produced more growth inhibition followed by butanol fractions, with chloroform fractions producing the least effects. Conclusion: The antibacterial potencies of these extracts could be useful for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii. The aqueous fraction showed better activities than the other fractions studied.

}, keywords = {Clinical isolates, Garcinia kola, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Sensitivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.178}, author = {Lorina Ineta Badger-Emeka and Hany Ezzat Khalil and Promise Madu Emeka} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} }