@article {1900, title = {Influence of Chitosan Concentration on Characteristic of Microspheres Delivery System Prepared from Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E.palmifolia) is a medicinal plant containing naphthoquinone, isoliquiritigenin, and oxyresveratrol compound. This study aims to formulate and characterize the E. palmifolia microspheres delivery system using chitosan variation as the polymer. Methods: The preparation method was the solvent evaporation method. The microspheres delivery system was performed by variation of chitosan concentration in each formulation 0.637\% (F1), 1.275\% (F2), and 1.912\% (F3). The physical and chemical characterizations include Entrapment Efficiency (EE), yield percentage, particle size, particle morphology, FTIR analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) had been evaluated. Results: The results showed that chitosan concentration variation affected the microsphere{\textquoteright}s physical and chemical characteristics. Variations in the concentration of chitosan polymer (0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\%) had an effect on the physical characteristics of the microspheres of the resulting Dayak onion bulb extract. The higher the concentration of chitosan used, the higher the entrapment efficiency and the yield yield will increase. Meanwhile, in observing the particle size, the higher the concentration of chitosan used, the smaller the particle size produced. The optimal concentration of chitosan as a polymer at concentration variations of 0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\% to provide good physical characteristics of the Dayak onion bulb extract microspheres was shown in formula 3 with a chitosan concentration of 1.912\%. Conclusion: The better characteristic was obtained upon higher chitosan concentration. The best physical characteristics of E.palmifolia extract microspheres were obtained from chitosan concentration at 1.912\% (F3).

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Chitosan, Delivery system., Eleutherine palmifolia, Microspheres}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.157}, author = {Roihatul Mutiah and Wirda Ardania and Arief Suryadinata and Dewi Sinta Megawati and Anik Listiyana and Abdul Wafi and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {255, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Standardization of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {221-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Tea or also known as Camellia sinensis (Theaceae family) is the most popular plant and beverage in the world because of the sensory properties, prices are relatively cheap, stimulant effects, and their potential health benefits but white tea is not widely known. White tea is made from unfermented tea leaves young shoots protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenols degradation which inhibits of the chlorophyll formation and causing the white color on the leaf buds. Objective: The objective of research and development of herbal medicine is to improve the quality and safety of natural products. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopical features of the leaf have been analysis using an optical microscope and fragment analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical and physico-chemical analysis were evaluated. The observation of the FTIR spectrum profiles is done by interpreting the typical peak that appears. Results: The leaf has actinocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, heterogenous mesophyll which is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and sclereid cells. Phytochemical analysis indicated resources the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins.The content of polyphenol from white tea leaves ethanolic extract is 35.73\% with the largest concentration of catechins is 18.84\% and 17.43\% tannins. The derivative content of catechins is EGCG with 7.37\%. FTIR analysis showed functional groups of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic and phytochemicals features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard which can play an important role in its standardization.

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physico-chemicals, Phytochemicals, Theaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.37}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Lia Ardiana and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} }