@article {2239, title = {Occupational Diseases in Female Workers in the Industrial World, Indonesia: Hazard Types and Exposure Mechanisms {\textendash} Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {263-267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {263}, abstract = {

Background: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by work and the work environment. Specifically gender, women have a double burden, namely domestic work in the household and the burden of being a breadwinner who works outside the home, women are also faced with reproductive tasks, namely pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and bioanatomically women have physical strength different from men, so that women are specifically more vulnerable to health risks due to their work, both physically, mental and social. This research will review the types and mechanisms of the spread of Occupational Diseases (OD) in female workers in the industrial world. Methods: The writing of this research was carried out using the Literature Review method which is a literature review method in which scientific articles are selected by researchers related to the research topic. Results: According to the results of the study, the specific risk of occupational diseases in the female worker community is pregnancy and childbirth disorders, Anemia and Sexuall Transmitted Disease (STD), while other accompanying diseases are Pulmonary Obstruction Disease, Tinea pedis, Neurotoksic Symptoms, Noice Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL), Low Back Pain (LBP), MSDs, and Work Stress. Conclusion: Every female worker has a susceptibility to occupational diseases according to the conditions and work environment experienced. The industry must pay attention to programs to improve occupational health by making anticipatory efforts so that occupational diseases do not become a life threat to female workers.

}, keywords = {Female Worker, Hazard, Industry, Occupational Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.38}, author = {Mirawati Tongko and Yahya Thamrin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Sukri Palutturi and Ridwan Amiruddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Maria Kanan and Fahrudin Lahay and Almustari} } @article {2099, title = {Optimization of Osteopontin Recombinant Protein as a Candidate Supplementation for Semen Preservation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

The recombinant protein of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli strains K12 has various and different systems tested and demands a detailed insight into the multiple factors affecting the encoded protein. One of the crucial factors is the acceptable quality of the DNA copies inserted inside the bacteria. Firstly, the amplification procedure needed to be performed well; thus, designing the primer and selecting the optimum annealing temperature are the focus indicators in this study. This study obtained a reference gene from the NCBI data bank with Reference Sequence: NM_174187.2. Two types of primers (SPP1FSPP1R and OPN1F - OPN1R) with different targeted bands were designed and selected after being reconstructed using the software. Online software such as addgene.org is also used to identify the right restriction site. The annealing temperature distinguished the PCR system used to amplify each primer. The result of this study revealed the best annealing at 65{\textordmasculine}C successfully amplified 820 bp of the targeted band. The phenomenon not following the theory of blue-white screening is the empty plasmid control, where not a single colony grows on the media. Competent cells inserted with empty plasmids should still be able to expand on LB-Amp agar media because the presence of these plasmids is capable of providing resistance to antibiotics (in this case, ampicillin). This discrepancy is thought to have been caused by the improper insertion of the empty plasmid so that the plasmid did not enter the competent cell.

}, keywords = {DNA clone, Osteopontin, PCR amplification., Primer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.135}, author = {Tatik Hernawati and Tita Damayanti Lestari and Suzanita Utama and Rimayanti} } @article {2028, title = {Optimization of Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity Assay, and Antigout Activity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {258-269}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: A medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., with a local name bajakah tampala, has long been used to treat gout or uric acid disease. This study aimed to develop the optimum conditions of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, phytochemical screening, and to obtain the antigout activity of S. littoralis Hassk. Methods: Before performing the phytochemical screening, we performed a simplicia maceration with water and 70\% ethanol solvents. The development of the optimum conditions for XO was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Toxicity assay (LC50) on both extracts was assessed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The two extracts were then evaluated for antigout activity. Results: The yield of 70\% ethanol extract (11.24\%) was higher than the aqueous extract (7.29\%). The phytochemical screening on the simplicia and the two extracts positively contained steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The optimum conditions of XO activity were temperature of 20 {\textcelsius}, pH of 8.0, and xanthine concentration of 1.40 mM. The toxicity of the 70\% ethanol extract (LC50 662.25 mg/L) was stronger than the aqueous extract (LC50 774.68 mg/L). Moreover, the 70\% ethanol extract (IC50 224.14{\textpm}8.62 mg/L) showed higher XO inhibition than the water extract (IC50 348.83{\textpm}4.85 mg/L). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that 70\% ethanol and water extracts inhibited XO competitively with the inhibition constant (KI) of 272.68 mg/L and 378.44 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study can be a reference that S. littoralis Hassk. is potentially an antigout.

}, keywords = {Box-Behnken Design, Gout, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk, Xanthine Oxidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.72}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Trivadila and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ibnu Hari Sulistyawan} } @article {1780, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {397-405}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21\%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65\% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 {\textpm} 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.51}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Aulia Noviyanti} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1726, title = {Online Survey: Prevalence and Attitude of Jordanians Towards Using Herbal Remedies in the Pandemic COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1632-1638}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1632}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus from the coronavirus family, that can provoke severe respiratory syndrome. The disease became a pandemic in December 2019. Impaired immune modulation is one of the processes implicated in its pathogenesis, which contributes to poor COVID-19 outcomes. Many investigations have been conducted using medication to control coronaviral infections as antiviral agents or immunomodulators. The results of these tests, however, demonstrated that these medications were useless in fighting the disease. Some people believe that using herbal immunomodulators can aid in the prevention or even curing of COVID-19. Based on prior research, in the management of COVID-19, several botanicals may be useful. We go over the patient attitude and benefits of using such herbal remedies in the regimen of treating COVID-19 in Jordan.

}, keywords = {Botanicals., Coronavirus, COVID-19, Herbal immunomodulators, Herbal remedies, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.210}, author = {Noha Abd Alkareem Younis Younis and Rania Mohammad Hamam and Amal Mayyas} } @article {1699, title = {Optimization of Solvent Extraction of the Leaves of Premna serratifolia and Quantitation of Premnaodoroside A by Validated TLC-densitometric Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1656-1663}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1656}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Premna serratifolia have been widely used in traditional medicine. Its major constituents were iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds. Antioxidation was one of its reported bioactivities. The aim of this study was to optimize the ethanol concentration used to obtain high quality extracts. Methods: Three sources of leaf samples were separately extracted by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100\% ethanol. Their content of premnaodoroside A, the major glycoside, was determined by a TLCdensitometric method developed in this study. The content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidants were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH scavenging methods, respectively. Results: The developed TLC-densitometric method showed a good linearity (R2 \> 0.99) in the range of 0.11-0.872 μg/spot. Its limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.13 and 0.04 μg/spot, respectively. The method had satisfactory specificity, precision and accuracy. The analysis results of all extracts showed that the 100\% ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest contents of premnaodoroside A (3.23{\textendash}5.25\%), total phenolic compounds (7.56-8.24\% GAE) and antioxidants (4.92{\textendash}6.66\% AAE), but its extractive yields (13.57-19.57\%) were the lowest. Yields of the 40\% and the 80\% ethanolic extracts were the highest in two samples (36.37-45.96\%) and one sample (47.53\%), respectively. Considering of the extractive ability, the 80\% ethanol could extract the highest amounts of all investigated compounds from plant material. Conclusion: The 100\% ethanolic extract possessed the highest contents of the interesting compounds, but the 80\% ethanolic extract had a higher extractive yield. Their benefits and drawbacks must be considered, depending on further application.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Extraction optimization, Premna serratifolia, premnaodoroside A, TLCdensitometry, Total phenolic.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.213}, author = {Khin Su Yee and Tasamaporn Sukwattanasinit and Uthai Sotanaphun and Penpun Wetwitayaklung and Bunyapa Wangwattana and Worrakanya Narakornwit} } @article {1279, title = {Ochna kirkii Oliv: Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Phytochemical Screening, and Total Phenolic Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1317-1324}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1317}, abstract = {

Background: Ochna kirkii Oliv. belongs to family Ochnaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}mickey mouse plants{\textquotedblright} in Asia, included in Jakarta. Objectives: This research was conducted to study the pharmacognosy and total phenolic content. Methods: The pharmacognosy study including the macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and phytochemical characteristic, which enable to identification of medicinal plant drug, as well as the total phenolic content using spectrophotometric method. Physicochemical parameters, like loss on drying, ash value, extractive values etc. were also determined following WHO guidelines. Results: Physicochemical standard quantified include total ash 5.15\% {\textpm} 0.4623, acid insoluble ash 0.32\% {\textpm} 0.2614, water soluble ash 10.72\% {\textpm} 0.2340, alcohol soluble extractive 12.8\% {\textpm} 1.3770, ether soluble extractive 7.30\% {\textpm} 1.8341, water content 5.76 \% {\textpm} 0.0050, loss on drying 6.91\% {\textpm} 1.6133. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins and triterpenoid. TLC profile of the O.kirkii leaves extracts (n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and 70\% ethanol) showed 8, 6, 7 and 10 spots respectively; in different solvent system. The total phenolic content was 252.08 mg GAE/g{\textpm} 0.4430. Conclusions: The various macroscopic, microscopic, physical and phytochemical analysis of the O.kirkii leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

}, keywords = {Chromatogram profile, Fluorescence, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Ochna kirkii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.181}, author = {Endang Hanani and Vivi Anggia and Ike Nurvita Amalina} } @article {1217, title = {Ocimum sanctum: Role in Diseases Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activity }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1198-1205 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = { 1198}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants are used commonly by traditional medical practitioners in their daily practice for the treatment of various diseases. The treatment based on natural products are preferred because they are more economic and have lesser side-effects. In this regards, Ocimum sanctum commonly known as holy basil or tulsi is used in the diseases cure and treatment since ancient time. Ocimum sanctum has been proven health promoting effect through modulation of various biological activates. Ocimum sanctum shows therapeutic role through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and wound healing effects. Besides, the constituents of holy basil have been confirmed to have a noteworthy effect in cancer management through inhibition of cancer development and progression. Further, the synergistic effect of Ocimum sanctum component with anti-cancer drugs has been proven as it reduces the growth of cancer. Molecular mechanism and human clinical trials based should be performed to avail its role in diseases cure and management. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of holy basil in disease management through in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant effect, Health promoting effect, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.168 }, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1140, title = {Online Survey for Patient Outcomes on Hericium Erinaceous Mushroom}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {519-525 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Hericium Erinaceous (Lion{\textquoteright}s Mane) mushroom is steadfast becoming one of the most widespread and familiar of medicinal mushrooms currently available worldwide, this could be due to its many surprising health benefits and it is the ability to treat various ailments. In our study, we connected a questionnaire to the largest internet portal for Hericium Erinaceous (H.Erinaceous) consumers to measure respondents{\textquoteright} feedback. The questionnaire addresses the attitude and potential benefits of respondents towards H.Erinaceous intake by using a numeric rating scale (NRS),97respondents took part in our study. The most frequently used of H. Erinaceous in our sample were in the treatment of neural diseases, enhance memory and GI disorders. The benefits and satisfied outcomes were highest with participants who use H. Erinaceous in a dose of 2-3 tablets (3g) twice/day to improve memory and cognitive properties and lowest in the treatment of autism even with high doses. 69.9\%of participants did not discuss consuming this mushroom with their physician. Objectives for the study to determine the prevalence and purposes of using the mushroom in different diseases and to predict the outcomes, side effects and the most effective dose taken by participants.

}, keywords = {Hericium Erinaceous, Lion{\textquoteright}s Mane, Medicinal mushrooms, Numeric rating scale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.79 }, author = {Noha Abd Al Kreem Younis Younis} } @article {808, title = {Olea europaea and Its Constituents Promote Bone Health by Enhancing Osteoblast Differentiation and Proliferation: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: The human bone is in a constant state of balance between bone resorption and bone formation, maintained by the osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Association of Mediterranean diet and bone health has been prevalently studied in recent years. Olive and its constituents have been suggested to be the major contributor to the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in bone health. Method: In this review, cellular and molecular mechanism of bone homeostasis and the influence of olive and its constituents were discussed. Result: Many studies ranging from clinical, animal and in vitro cell culture reported benefits of olive and its constituents in bone health. Olive and its constituent exerted its beneficial effect in bone health through stimulation of bone formation as opposed to inhibition of bone resorption. Conclusion: Olive and its constituents promotes osteoblast differentiation and proliferation.

}, keywords = {Bone, Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Olive, Osteoblast}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.1}, author = {Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus and Aminuddin Bin Saim} } @article {957, title = {Optimization Method for Determination of Swelling Factor Linum usitatissimum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {936-943}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {936}, abstract = {

Aim: Aspire of the investigation is to amend the method for determination of swelling factor of seeds, so it can be determined to optimize the minimum errors which will be reproducible. Swelling factor is play key role if the phytoconsitituent rich in mucilage and polysaccharide which constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules. Background: Sugar molecules play a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and the present investigation work is related to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Solvent Optimized technic gives superlative results over IP method. Methods: The swelling factor of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated by using different polar to non-polar solvents by using the standard procedure. During the determination, the role of physical parameter were calculated by comprising the swelling factor with agitation and temperature. Results: According to the observations, the lower concentration levels of swelling index used as an alternative binder to starch. keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant, it was observed that the swelling index of gives better results using the solvents plain distilled water, seeds moistened with alcohol. It was also observed that agitation at every three hours till the process of 24 hours is maintained would give better results, keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant.

}, keywords = {Formulation parameter, Seed, Swelling index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.149}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and C N Hemalatha and Sai Ramya Bharathi and C Dhivya and S Vanishree and V Rekha and V Vijayalakshmi and A Hari priya and Sai Monisha} } @article {994, title = {An Overview of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials of Punica granatum L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1167-1171}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1167}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered as {\textquotedblleft}A pharmacy unto itself{\textquotedblright} in Ayurvedic medicine and also used in several other systems of medicine. The plant belongs to the family Lythraceae containing pomegranate as a predominant species. Various parts of the plant exhibits significant pharmacological activities due to its wide range of potential bioactive compounds. Many biological activities proved its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- athersclerotic, antidiabetic actions and many more. This article provides a review of phytoconstituents of Punica granatum and its diverse array of biological properties.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Lythraceae, Pharmacological activities, Phytoconstituents, Punica granatum, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.181}, author = {Janani Jacob and Rajiv P and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P} } @article {691, title = {Optimization of Extraction Condition to Obtain Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {958-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Background: Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch is one of the commonly found seagrasses spread over the coast of Indonesia and has not been utilized. Previous studies have reported its potency as an antioxidant, however, studies on optimal extraction conditions using ethanol as a solvent to obtain higher antioxidant activity are still limited. Objective: The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction condition for obtaining the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the seagrass T. hemprichii. In an addition, percentage yield of extract was also evaluated. Methods: In this study, factorial design with independent factors of ethanol concentrations (50\%, 70\%, and 100\%), the use of HCl 1 N (Yes/No), and temperature (300C, 600C) was developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the above factors towards antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The highest antioxidant activity (IC50=83.48 \μg/mL) was shown in sample R1 (extracted with 50\% ethanol, added with HCl 1 N, and 600C). The sample was also showed total phenolic content 41.03 mg GAE per gram and 22\% yield extract. Among the factors examined, the used of HCl 1 N showed the most significant effect to the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content, with the p-value of 0.048 and 0.034 respectively (p\<0.05). Conclusion: This extraction condition can be applied to obtain higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content from the plant.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Factorial design, Thalassia hemprichii, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.162}, author = {Nely Suryani Nopi and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} }