@article {2534, title = {Peptide Production from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) extract with the addition of Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) and Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {542-544}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the effect of adding bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) on the peptide extract of snakehead fish (Channa Striata). The research utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatment factors and 3 replications. Treatments involved different leaf additions during the preparation of the fish peptide extract: control (A0), bay leaves (A1), basil leaves (A2), and both bay and basil leaves (A3). Parameters observed were protein content analysis, degree of hydrolysis, and protein profile using SDS-PAGE. The results of protein content analysis showed no significant effect on protein content, with averages of 6.25\% for treatment A0, 6.09\% for A1, 10.83\% for A2, and 9.80\% for A3. The degree of hydrolysis results indicated highly significant differences, confirmed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5\% significance level: 22.21\% for A0, 41.82\% for A1, 52.76\% for A2, and 43.66\% for A3. This demonstrates very significant variation among treatments. The protein profile analysis of the snakehead fish peptide extract showed that treatments involving the addition of bay leaves and basil leaves affected the molecular weight of proteins in the range of 10-140 kDa and the number of protein bands produced.

}, keywords = {Basil leaf, Bay leaf, Degree of Hydrolysis, Peptides, Protein Content, Snakehead fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.67}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Sabrina Rahmadania and Herpandi H and Muhammad Hendri} } @article {2576, title = {Pharmacognostic Authentication and Phytochemical Profiling Coupled with Flowability Studies of Zingiber officinale for Quality Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {342-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties. Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress- and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer. Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods. They were characterized using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay. Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes. The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation. The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 \%) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm. CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 {\textpm} 0.78 \% and 58.48 {\textpm} 1.20 \%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL. It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 {\textpm} 17.78 μg/mL. Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum thomsoniae; silver nanoparticles; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.105}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2542, title = {The Photoprotective Effect of Cucurbita moschata Seed Extract on Rat Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and collagen loss. This study evaluated the photoprotective effects of topical pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) extract cream against UVB-induced skin damage in Wistar rats. CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer), MDA (malondialdehyde), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) levels, and collagen density were assessed. UVB exposure significantly increased CPD, MDA, and MMP- 1 levels while reducing collagen density. Treatment with pumpkin seed extract cream, particularly at 10\% concentration, markedly reduced CPD and MDA levels (P <= 0.05), indicating potent DNA repair support and antioxidant activity likely attributable to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased, approaching normal values, suggesting inhibition of collagen degradation through anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix degradation mechanisms. Histological examination revealed higher collagen density and more organized collagen fibers in treated groups compared with negative control and placebo. These findings indicate that Cucurbita moschata seed extract cream exerts strong photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-preserving effects, with the 10\% formulation showing the greatest efficacy.

}, keywords = {collagen density, CPD, Cucurbita moschata, photoaging, UVB radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.73}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Gusbakti Rusip and Linda Chiuman and Ermy Girsang} } @article {2484, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in the Eastern Free State, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {155-163}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease that mainly infects the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. South Africa is one of the countries with the highest TB and multi-drugresistant TB burden. Objective: This study aimed at screening eight medicinal plants that are frequently used by herbalists and traditional healers of the eastern Free State for the treatment of TB. Methods: Thirty-two plant extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals, antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities using standard methods. Results: Extracts prepared from Hermannia depressa and Senecio harveianus displayed the best antibacterial activity against all test microorganisms ranging between 0.098 and 0.781 mg/ml while Drimia depressa and Lotononis lanceolata extracts displayed the best antifungal activity between 0.049 and 0.781 mg/ml. The good antimycobacterial activity was observed with organic extracts prepared from Dicoma anomala, H. depressa, L. lanceolata and S. harveianus between 0.195 and 0.781 mg/ml. Discussion: All plants displayed the presence of tannins and saponins and the absence of alkaloids, anthraquinones and steroids. Plants under this study demonstrated significant antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities, with extracts prepared from H. depressa and S. harveianus displaying the best activity against all the test microorganisms with MIC values ranging between 0.098 and 0.781 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The selected medicinal plants that are used in the treatment of TB and related respiratory ailments in the eastern Free State revealed the presence of phytochemicals and significant antimicrobial activities, which explain and justify their frequent use by traditional healers.

}, keywords = {Dicoma anomala, Drimia depressa, Eucomis autumnalis, Hermannia depressa, Lotononis lanceolata, Senecio harveianus, Thesium angulosum, Xysmalobium undulatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.19}, author = {Mandla Hlongwane and Siphamandla Lamula and Lisa Buwa-Komoreng} } @article {2505, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Pro-Melanogenic Activity of Nigella sativa Extract in B16F10 Cells: A Natural Candidate for Vitiligo Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {307-313}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentation disorder caused by the selective destruction of melanocytes, with limited effective treatment options, particularly in resource-limited regions. Nigella sativa (black cumin seed, BCS) has traditionally been used for various skin ailments, including pigmentation disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pro-melanogenic activity of a 96\% ethanol extract of Indonesian BCS (EE BCS) in B16F10 cells. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thymoquinone (TQ) content was quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability (MTT assay), tyrosinase activity (L-DOPA assay), and melanin content were measured. Results: GC-MS identified 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E,E) as the predominant compound (45.88\%), while HPLC confirmed a relatively low TQ concentration (0.04\%). EE BCS maintained \>90\% cell viability at concentrations up to 12.50 ppm and exhibited an IC50 of 56.41 ppm. Tyrosinase activity significantly increased at 6.25 ppm (136.40\%; p \< 0.05) and 12.50 ppm (228.10\%; p \< 0.01), accompanied by a significant elevation in melanin content (226.00\%; p \< 0.05 and 266.90\%; p \< 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: EE BCS can effectively promote melanogenesis, despite containing low levels of thymoquinone, potentially through synergistic actions of its phytochemical constituents. Given its region-specific phytochemical richness, Indonesian N. sativa extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic candidate for vitiligo. Further in-vivo and clinical validation is warranted.

}, keywords = {B16F10, Melanogenesis, Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Tyrosinase, Vitiligo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.39}, author = {Dian Pratiwi and Silmi Mariya and Raendi Rayendra and Agus Setiyono} } @article {2561, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Dioscorea transversa R. Br: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Leaf and Tuber}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {718-726}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Various species of Dioscorea, commonly referred to as wild yams, are employed as food and used globally for medicinal purposes. Dioscorea transversa, also known as the long or pencil yam, is a native to northern and eastern Australia and is also found in the open forests of southern India. The tubers of this plant are consumed by local tribes in northern Kerala during times of famine, and they are believed to enhance bone and muscle strength. Furthermore, it is incorporated with other ingredients in their traditional postnatal rejuvenation preparations. However, this plant which is infrequently examined for its biochemical impacts on humans. This research aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in the tuber and leaf of Dioscorea transversa and to assess solvent extracts for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf sample demonstrated a notable concentration of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while the tuber was rich in saponins, proteins, and steroids. It was noted that the aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves (AqML) exhibited superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to the other five extracts explored. This study underscores D. transversa as a significant source of natural bioactive compounds and advocates for further research to delve deeper into the pharmacological potential of this plant

}, keywords = {COX-2, Dioscorea transversa, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Phytochemicals, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.90}, author = {K G Geetha and Mohind C Mohan and V Manju} } @article {2495, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Potential, and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Causonis trifolia Leaf Extracts: A Solvent-Based Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {164-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants are used in diabetes mellitus due to their proven minimal adverse effects in humans. Causonis trifolia leaves have been used as traditional medicine for various treatments. Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemicals, the total flavonoid and phenolic content, and in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extracts of C. trifolia leaves. Method: The leaves of C. trifolia were sequentially extracted with maceration in hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 50\% ethanol. Then, the C. trifolia leaf extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by determination of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanol and 50\% ethanol extracts of C. trifolia leaves showed positive results for alkaloids, coumarin, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. The 50\% ethanol extract had the best antioxidant activities of the three antioxidant assays (p \< 0.05). The results revealed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in 50\% ethanol extract than in the other extracts (p \< 0.05). Moreover, the 50\% ethanol extract exhibited the best potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors of all the extracts and acarbose (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: The results conclude that the C. trifolia leaves with 50\% ethanol as the solvent possessed the potential to extract the highest levels of phytochemical content and have potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Causonis trifolia, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.20}, author = {Patcharin Singdam and Anussara Kamnate and On-Anong Somsap and Ruhainee Tohkayomatee} } @article {2541, title = {Potential Role of Ashwagandha [Withania Somnifera] As An Antioxidant On Aluminium Chloride-Induced Testicular Damage In Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {583-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {583}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aluminium is most prevalent and third most abundant element in earth crust after oxygen. Its exposure in high concentration can accumulate in many organs that damage various organs in living organisms like humans and animals. Although aluminum (Al) is known to induce oxidative damage through various mechanisms including binding to negatively charged phospholipids on the membrane of various tissue cell which are rich in PUFA.Hence,this study was aimed to find the potential role of ashwagandha on aluminum induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Animals were segregated into 4 groups of 6 rats in each. The control group, the Ashwagandha treated group, the Aluminum intoxicated group, pretreated with Ashwagandha with Aluminum intoxicity group. Testicular tissue was removed and were stored in 10\% formalin saline and histopathological slides were done . A part of the tissues were processed for estimation of MDA and GSH level. Results: In the present study administration of aluminum in rats showed a significant decrease in the testicular tissue level of GSH and sperm count, as well as increase in the level of MDA and sperm morphology in aluminum treated group compared to normal control. Treatment with Ashwagandha showed a significant increase in testicular GSH level, sperm count and decrease in MDA level sperm morphology. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that oral Aluminum Chloride administration induced adverse oxidative effects on the exposed animals and treatment with W. somnifera reduced the extent of aluminium chloride-induced tissue injury

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione, Sperm morphology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.72}, author = {Anchana Babu and Rekha D Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Megha Gokul and Bhagyalakshmi K and Sneha Shetty B and Vinodini NA} } @article {2573, title = {Preclinical Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Formulation: Acute, Subchronic, and Mutagenic Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Introduction: Before market approval, novel herbal medicines and bioactive compounds require rigorous genotoxicity and safety evaluations. A polyherbal formulation derived from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis has previously demonstrated antioxidant and nephroprotective properties. However, comprehensive toxicological and mutagenicity evaluations are needed to support its clinical development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities and mutagenic potential of this polyherbal formulation. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice using a two-phase protocol based on Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD guideline 407, with daily oral administration of the polyherbal formulation at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Muta-Chromoplate (Ames test) kit according to OECD guideline 471. Results: Acute toxicity evaluation determined that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the polyherbal formulation exceeds 5,000 mg/kg, categorising it as practically nontoxic. The subchronic toxicity assessment revealed that doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg had no significant effects on body and organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathological features compared with the controls. Furthermore, the Ames test confirmed that the polyherbal formulation had no mutagenic activity. Conclusions: The polyherbal formulation exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were observed in a 28-day subchronic toxicity study. Furthermore, its favourable safety profile was further confirmed by its lack of mutagenic potential. Collectively, these findings provide a robust foundation for continued preclinical and clinical development of the polyherbal formulation

}, keywords = {acute toxicity; mutagenicity; phytochemicals; polyherbal formulation; safety evaluation; subchronic toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.102}, author = {Enkhmaa Gonchig and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Perleidulam Bunddulam and Enerel Yeruult and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Otgonbat Altangerel and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2464, title = {Preconception Posyandu Performance Assessment Instrument with Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) Method: Indicators, Validity and Reliability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {40-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Preconception Posyandu is one of the preconception women{\textquoteright}s health services created to help reduce MMR, IMR and stunting prevalence in Banggai District. This study aims to create a performance assessment instrument for the Preconception Posyandu so that it can maintain the existence of the service. The development of performance assessment indicators through Focus Discussion Group (FGD) activities using the Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) method consists of using 9 variables. We involved 30 village midwives and 30 preconception women at three health centers within Luwuk City to test the performance assessment instrument. Internal reliability was assessed with Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha and criterion validity. The performance appraisal instrument using the EFQM method obtained development results, namely from 52 indicator questions made into 92 questions, then after testing the validity of the instrument, 81 questions were declared valid and 11 questions were invalid. The results of Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value, there are 5 variables with strong reliability (alpha\> 0.80), namely leadership variables, strategic policies, staff management and partnerships and resources, while there is 1 variable with perfect reliability (alpha\> 0.90), namely process variables, and 3 variables with sufficient reliability (alpha \> 0.70), namely performance outcome variables, customer satisfaction and impact on society. The questions generated from the development of indicators can be used to measure performance. The service of the Preconception Posyandu Program that has been running so far, this is evidenced by the average value of the reliability test which is 0.83, which means strong reliability.

}, keywords = {EFQM, Instrument, Performance Appraisal, Preconception Health Post}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.5}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah D and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin W and Faizal Fahmi and Anang S Otoluwa and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2489, title = {Preparation, Characterization and Wound Healing Effect of β Chitosan and Gelatin Hydrogels from Sepia Officinalis: In Vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {244-251}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Wound healing is a fundamental process through which the body repairs itself following damage to the skin{\textquoteright}s integrity. This process is intricate and involves multiple biological mechanisms. The objective of this study is to assess the wound healing properties of β-chitosan and gelatin hydrogels. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups to facilitate the evaluation of wound closure rates and histopathological changes. Upon analyzing the results, we noted a decrease in the initial surface area of all wounds examined. The extent of contraction varied depending on the type of hydrogel used. By day 14, the contraction was most significant in the hydrogel (ch + gel) group (97.30\%), followed closely by β-chitosan (96.72\%) and gelatin (96.63\%), as well as the cicatryl-bio treatment (92.76\%).

}, keywords = {Gelatin, Hydrogel, Os, Sepia Officinalis, Skin, Wound Healing, β Chitosan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.31}, author = {Amina DOUBBI BOUNOUA and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Karima BOUGUEROUA and Soumia KEDDARI} } @article {2556, title = {Proliferative effect of Dracontium spruceanum on Leishmania}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {683-687}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {683}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leishmaniasis, transmitted by sandflies and caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, primarily presents in its cutaneous form. Difficulties in diagnosis and the adverse effects of conventional treatments have driven the search for alternatives, such as Dracontium spruceanum ("sacha jerg{\'o}n"), an Amazonian plant containing compounds with potential activity against Leishmania spp., whose efficacy still requires scientific validation. Objective: To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum against Leishmania. Methods: Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) spp. kDNA was performed by PCR using primers MP1-L and MP3-H, with LTB-300 (L. (V.) braziliensis) and DNAfree water as controls. Promastigotes were isolated from cutaneous lesion scrapings and cultured in biphasic medium, achieving differentiation into axenic amastigotes in Schneider medium, with pH 4.7 as the optimal condition for complete conversion. Plant material of Dracontium spruceanum collected in Ucayali (Peru) was processed to obtain an aqueous extract (100 mg/mL). The antiparasitic activity of the extract was evaluated by the MTT assay against promastigotes and amastigotes, using Glucantime as a positive control. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA, considering p-values \< 0.05 as significant. Results: In in vitro assays with Leishmania sp., administration of Glucantime (25 mg/mL) produced a significant decrease in cell viability of promastigotes (71\%) and axenic amastigotes (38\%) compared to the control group. Conversely, the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum (8.33 mg/mL) caused a significant increase in promastigote (160\%) and amastigote (179\%) viability, indicating a stimulatory effect on parasite growth (p \< 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: The in vitro effect of the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania sp. was investigated. Unlike Glucantime, which significantly decreased parasite viability, the extract consistently promoted proliferation in both forms. This result, uncommon in medicinal plant studies, could be linked to the presence of ceramides and cerebrosides, compounds in the genus Dracontium previously associated with mitogenic activity. Additional dose-response studies and phytochemical analysis are needed to identify the active compounds and clarify their mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Dracontium spruceanum, Glucantime, Leishmania}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.85}, author = {Marco Mesia Guevara and Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Luis Casta{\~n}eda Pelaez} } @article {2535, title = {A Prospective, Multi-centre, Open label, Single arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Participants with Amlapitta (Symptomatic Gastritis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {545-551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {545}, abstract = {

Introduction: The multi-center clinical study was conducted to revalidate the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) in a larger sample size in improving Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score, PPDS score, EPS score, and safety. Methods: The study was a multi-centric, open-labeled, single-arm, prospective clinical trial in participants with Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis). Participants with the presence of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis), as diagnosed by the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score >= 5 were included in the study. Participants were advised to take Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in a dose of 15 ml twice daily for 14 days. The study involved three visits. The investigator recorded the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale (ASRS) Score, Post Prandial Distress Syndrome (PPDS) Score, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) Score at screening visit (Visit 1), baseline visit (Visit 2) and final visit (Visit 3). The p\<0.05 was considered statistically significant measured by paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results: In the multi-center study 204 participants completed the study. At final visit, a statistically significant (p\<0.001) reduction was reported in mean Total ASRS score, PPDS score, and EPS score as compared to the baseline scores. The individual ASRS, PPDS, and EPS variables also exhibited significant reduction (p\<0.001) at the final visit. None of the participants reported any adverse events during the study. Conclusion: Amlapitta Mishran Suspension treatment for 14 days effectively and safely reduced the clinical symptoms of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) assessed by Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale, Postprandial Distress Syndrome and Epigastric Pain Syndrome scores.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Gastritis, Symptom scores}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.68}, author = {Paresh G. Koli and Yashashri Shetty and Reetu Sharma and Bal Krishan Sevatkar and Anaya A. Pathrikar and Hemant S. Paradkar and Mukesh B Chawda and Sangam S. Narvekar and Megha L. Nalawade and Pawankumar R. Godatwar} } @article {2566, title = {Protective Role of Centella asiatica Extract Against Carbon Tetrachloride{\textendash}Induced Hepatic Damage: A Biochemical and Ultrasonographic Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {760-769}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {760}, abstract = {

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Centella asiatica extract on Wistar rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$). The extract is known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 70.31 mg GAE/g and 13.49 mg QE/g, respectively, with very strong antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ = 48.45 ppm). Evaluation through ultrasonography and histopathology revealed structural improvement in the liver of treated groups, particularly at doses of 200 and 300 mg/ kgBW, marked by reduced abnormal echogenicity and improved liver parenchyma, along with a decrease in histopathological score from 2 to 1. The administration of the extract also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (P<=0.05), as well as CRP levels, indicating strong anti-inflammatory potential. In addition, liver function showed meaningful recovery, with the highest albumin level recorded at 200 mg/kgBW (3.00 {\textpm} 0.52 g/dL), and a significant reduction in bilirubin level at 300 mg/kgBW to 0.102 {\textpm} 0.040 mg/dL. Significant decreases were also observed in SGOT and SGPT enzyme levels in the treatment groups, especially at 300 mg/kgBW, indicating protection of hepatocyte integrity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Centella asiatica extract possesses hepatoprotective effects through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and liver function-restorative mechanisms. These findings support the potential development of pegagan as a phytopharmaceutical agent for adjunct therapy in liver disorders and highlight the need for further studies on its active compounds and long-term safety.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Centella asiatica, Cytokines, Hepatoprotective, Ultrasonography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.95}, author = {Ica Yulianti Pulungan and Ermi Girsang and Ermi Girsang} } @article {2290, title = {Pattern Recognition and Chemometrics for Qualitative Pharmacological Indication of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Leaves Commercial Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {527-537}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera Lam leaves are known for their nutritional, pharmacological, and related biological 3 characteristics across the Globe. Its commercial products are marketed across Pretoria, South Africa. The label claims portray 4 such products contain Moringa oleifera leaves powder, extracts, or compounds inherent in the plant, and that pharmacological 5 activities of such products are intrinsically linked to them. Methods: We investigated (n = 29) commercial products using affordable, spectrophotometric UVvis, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography finger printing and chemometrics principal component analysis. The aim of the investigation was to recognize the phytochemical patterns similarity between the plant extracts and commercial products, to ascertain which product contains quercetin-3-O-glycoside or kaempferol-3-O-glycoside marker compounds known to be present in M. oleifera leaves that should mitigate the pharmacological properties of the products. Results: The pattern of quercetin-3-O-glycoside and kaempferol-3-O-glycoside standards conform to a peak in the ethanol extract to suggest that both compounds are present in the ethanol but not in the dichloromethane extract. The HPTLC analysis also indicated the presence of the quercetin and kaempferol glycosides in the ethanol extract at Rf of 0.18 and 0.28 respectively. As for the commercial products, only n = 3 of the 29 (≈10\%) revealed patterns that were like that of the ethanol extracts. A principal component analysis with R2 = 0.97 for the DCM extract and 0.89 for the ethanol extract highlighted that commercial products P1, P7 and P24 as indicating good quality. The good quality commercial products clustered together with the quercetin-3-O-glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, ethanol, or dichloromethane extracts while the poor-quality products were placed in a separate cluster in the PCA analysis conducted. Conclusion: This implies that only these three products will exhibit expected pharmacological and other biological activities displayed on the product labels.

}, keywords = {Commercial products, Moringa oleifera leaves, Pattern recognition, Quality indication}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.84}, author = {Kokoette Bassey} } @article {2279, title = {Pectoralis Block in Geriatric Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Modified Radical Dextra Mastectomy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {492-494}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Regional anesthesia has the advantage of minimal use of drugs capable of depressing cardiovascular or pulmonary function, especially in geriatric patients. The pectoral nerve block represents a regional procedure associated with fewer adverse effects compared to alternative regional anesthetic approaches. A 74-year-old woman with a weight of 35 kg and a height of 145 cm, was diagnosed with breast cancer. The patient complained of a lump in the right breast since the last 1 year, the lump felt hard and didn{\textquoteright}t feel painful. We conducted PECS I and PECS II blocks as part of the surgical protocol for dextra Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), with the primary goal of minimizing the requirement for opioids and anesthetic agents in the context of geriatric patients. In the PECS I block, we introduced a needle into the anatomical plane situated between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, followed by the injection of 10 mL of 0.5\% ropivacaine. In the case of the PECS II block, we administered a 20 mL dosage of ropivacaine at the third rib level above the serratus anterior muscle to ensure a wide distribution of the local anesthetic within the axillary region. The complete PECS block procedure typically spans a duration of approximately 30 minutes. The block was smooth and did not show complications, during the duration of the opioid, fentany 25 mcg was added during the axillary lymph node dissection. VAS scores at first 12 and 24 hours, 1 and 1. Thus, the PECS block can be used as an analgesic either during or postoperatively. The use of PECS 1 and 2 blocks in radical mastectomy may reduce the need for opioids for intraoperative and postoperative pain.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Geriatrics, Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), PECS Block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.78}, author = {Ardhian Wardana and Dedi Susila} } @article {2263, title = {Peer Group Empowerment to Improve Teenagers{\textquoteright} Behavior in Consuming Blood Supplement Tablets Through the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: South Sulawesi Province ranks in the top 7 with a percentage of 58.9\% coverage of TTD provision to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Gowa District Health Service in 2021, it shows that the number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets among young women is 57\% of the accumulated achievements of 26 health centers, where the health center with the lowest number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets is one of the Kanjilo Community Health Centers with an achievement of 18\% of 1239 targets targets. Youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a peer-group approach allows for continuous interaction between peer educators and their peers so that the delivery of information is more intensive. This research aims to determine the effect of peer group empowerment to increase adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets at the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center, Barombong District, Gowa Regency. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group approach. The population in this study were all members of the youth Integrated Healthcare Center in the Kanjilo health center working area, Barombong sub-district, South Sulawesi province, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, each with 40 people. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect of peer group empowerment intervention on intention, self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, parental support, and teacher support in the intervention group and control group in consuming blood supplement tablets in youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a p-value \< 0.05. Apart from that, the results showed that adolescent Integrated Healthcare Center participants were more disciplined in consuming blood supplement tablets because of peer invitations which made changes in adolescent behavior in a more positive direction. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between the intervention group and the control group before and after being given counseling and peer group empowerment training on adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets.

}, keywords = {blood supplement tablets, peer groups, Teenagers, youth Integrated Healthcare Center}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.62}, author = {Nurjanna and Muhammad Syafar and Syria and Ridwan M. Thaha and Abdul Salam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {2379, title = {Pharmacological insight into The Potential Efficacy of Some Halophytes in Alleviating Digestive System Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1036-1042}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in disease treatment is an important therapeutic option that has long been used by Bedouins. Qassim area is one of Saudi Arabia regions gifted with plant species with diversified metabolic content. The current research aims at evidencing the traditional use of some wild plants in management of gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: Four plants from different plant families: Deverra triradiata (Apiaceae), Suaeda aegyptiaca (Amaranthaceae), Heliotropium aegyptiacum, and Heliotropium bacciferum (Boraginaceae) were investigated for their potential antispasmodic and antidiarrheal effects. The acute toxicity study was conducted using arithmetic Kerber{\textquoteleft}s method. The antidiarrheal efficacy was investigated using in vivo castor oil induced diarrhea model. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated using isolated rabbit jejunum. Results: Indicated highest mortality in animals received extract of the arial parts of D. triradiata (DTE), while the gum of the same plant (DTG) together with the extracts of the three plants: S. aegyptiaca (SAE), H. bacciferum (HBE), and H. aegyptiacum (HAE) caused no signs of neither over toxicity nor death during the 24 hours. observation period following oral administration of doses up to 7-10 g/kg. In castor oil induced diarrhea, all tested extracts, except for DTE, displayed a potent antidiarrheal activity expressed as 89-94.7\% delay of defecation in animals received castor oil. Antispasmodic activity testing noted HAE for powerful antispasmodic efficacy estimated as 90\% inhibition of contraction at a dose of 0.1 mg/100mL. Conclusion: The current results indicated powerful activity of H. aegyptiacum and S. aegyptiaca extracts in management of GITD. These findings recommend extensive phytochemical studies of both species in order to highlight the main metabolites responsible for the recorded activity.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity; Antidiarrheal; Antispasmodic; Environment and human health; Ex-vivo model; In-vivo model; Natural resource management}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.167}, author = {Elham Amin and Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky and Suliman A. Almahmoud and Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar} } @article {2276, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Curry Leaf Extract (Murraya koenigii L.) as a Potential Animal Feed and Medicinal Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {471-477}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

Herbal plants have been used for centuries as traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Green plants generally contain phytochemical compounds, such as vegetables and plants that add aroma to dishes, one of which is curry leaves (Murraya Koenigii). This research aims to identify the phytochemical compounds contained in curry leaves. This research was carried out from August 2023 to October 2023. The curry leaves that were obtained were converted into extract form and then the extract was tested for the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and tannins. The research results showed that curry leaf extract contained 23.73\% alkaloids, 1.24\% flavonoids, 8.74\% saponins, 4.4\% phenolics, and 5.2\% tannins. Alkaloids in plants have a role as a defense against biotic and abiotic disorders. The benefits of flavonoids in plants include anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic. Saponins have various benefits in the health sector, including being able to reduce cholesterol concentrations in the blood. Polyphenols have good antioxidant power because this group can provide electrons to neutralize free radical electrons formed in the body. Tannins also consist of polyphenolic compounds which have antibacterial, antioxidant and astringent activities. The results of the analysis regarding the content of secondary metabolite compounds in curry leaf extract play an important role in the development of future medicines and need to be carried out to provide knowledge to the public. This study can be a basis for bioactive content for further research to expand the use of medicinal plants in the future, especially curry plants.

}, keywords = {Curry leaf extract, Human health, Medicine, Phytochemicals, Plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.75}, author = {Mohammad Anam Al Arif and Sunaryo Hadi Warsito and Mirni Lamid and Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Siti Rani Ayuti and Sugito and Intan Permatasari Hermawan and Oky Setyo Widodo and Rakhi Gangil} } @article {2421, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Different Extracts of Stem Bark and Leaf of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1281-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1281}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are generally extracted and evaluated to identify potential sources of effective drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of stem bark and leaf extracts of Flueggea leucopyrus. Materials and Methods: The collected plant material was dried, powdered, and extracted separately by soxhlation with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Alkaloids were extracted and characterized from the powdered sample of leaf and bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of protein denaturation and Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Results: Extracts were found to be either semisolid or solid with different tints of green or brown colour. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation found alkaloids, glycoside, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterol, and saponin. On spectral evaluation, the presence of an alkaloid, Securinol-A was found in a fraction extracted from the bark. In the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity the tested samples showed a concentration-dependent rise of activity, particularly, the isolated fraction and acetone extract of stem bark revealed a significant activity. Conclusion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and saponins identified in these extracts may be responsible for these biological activities. Hopefully, our in vitro and in vivo evaluations and compound-level studies in the future will reveal significant data for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Flueggea leucopyrus, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Spectral evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.207}, author = {Sarath Lal P S and Thirumal M and Ajith Babu T K} } @article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2415, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential in Euryale ferox Salisb. and Eupatorium birmanicum DC. of Manipur, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1231-1237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Introduction: Euryale ferox Salisb. popularly called {\textquotedblleft}Foxnut{\textquotedblright} is a spiny aquatic plant locally named {\textquotedblleft}Thangjing{\textquotedblright} in Manipur and is one of the most highly consumed aquatic crops while Eupatorium birmanicum DC. locally named {\textquotedblleft}Langthrei{\textquotedblright} is an endemic ethnomedicinal plant found in Manipur, India. Methods: This study was carried out to examine the phytochemical content, evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays) in the seeds, arils of E. ferox and leaves of E. birmanicum. Results: Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were detected from the plant samples studied. Among the samples, TPC was found in the range 21.95 {\textpm} 1.18 mgGAE/g ext to 119.80 {\textpm} 2.63 mgGAE/g ext while, TFC was recorded in the range 2.57 {\textpm} 0.07 mgQE/g ext to 7.27 {\textpm} 0.28 mgQE/g ext with the highest value of TPC and TFC in E. ferox seeds. In case of DPPH and ABTS assays, the recorded IC50 value were attained in the range 16.99 {\textpm} 0.49 μg/mL to 335.90 {\textpm} 2.19 μg/mL and 70.69 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL to 576.26 {\textpm} 4.41 μg/mL respectively with the lowest IC50 value recorded in E. ferox seeds. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that seeds and arils of E. ferox as well as leaves of E. birmanicum contain a variety of phytochemicals and promising antioxidant activity which will contribute a scientific insight for exploration of their therapeutic potentials in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Foxnut, Northeast India, Phenol, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.201}, author = {Okram Ronibala Devi and Lutrika Moirangthem and Ojit Singh Keithellakpam and Nanaocha Sharma and Kshetrimayum Birla Singh} } @article {2360, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Anti-Arthritis Potential of Decoction Extract from Caulerpa lentillifera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {927-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {927}, abstract = {

Caulerpa lentillifera also known as sea grape, is a green seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant and anti-arthritis properties of sea grape decoction extract. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid content was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The anti-arthritis activities were assessed using bovine-serum protein. The study identified that the extract contained flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and coumarins, with the total phenolic content of 343.19 {\textpm} 9.86 μg gallic acid equivalents/ mg dry extract and the total flavonoid content of 268.48 {\textpm} 16.57 μg quercetin equivalents/ mg dry extract. The extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 309.05{\textpm}5.91 μg/ml using the DPPH method and 572.33{\textpm}3.47 μg/ml using the ABTS method, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited anti-arthritis properties with an IC50 value of 54.60{\textpm}12.71 μg/ml, which was less than 1.69 times the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium. A strong positive correlation was found between the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities measured by the ABTS method, with an R{\texttwosuperior} value of 0.9476. Therefore, this study provides initial evidence supporting the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities of sea grape decoction extract. The extract shows potential for further development as a product for treating arthritis.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritis activity., antioxidant activity, Caulerpa lentillifera, Phytochemical components}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.150}, author = {Khemjira Jarmkom and Wanna Eiamart and Prakairat Tunit} } @article {2213, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Eleutherine Bulbous (Mill.) Urb Bulb Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Background: Many traditional medicinal plants were studied for their phytochemical components. Dayak onions (Eleutherine bulbous (Mill.) Urb) is one of traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. Analysis of the phytochemical compounds in the extract of the plant would help in determining various biological activities of the plant. Objective: This study was primarily aimed to identify the phytochemical profile of Dayak onions extract and its fractions. Methods: The Dayak onion bulbs were collected from Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Multiple solvents used to for extraction and analysis of phytochemical compound by chemical reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) profiling. Results: The phytochemical screening of Dayak onions ethanol extract showed it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenes/ steroids. The n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids and glycosides. The water fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. By TLC profiling, the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of the Dayak onion contain steroids, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The bioactive compound in ethyl acetate fraction contains steroids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The bioactive compound in n-hexan fraction contains steroids. The bioactive compound in water fraction fraction contains steroids and tannins. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, en-hexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The phytochemical qualitative profiling showed that Dayak onion bulb as a rich source of bioactive compounds and have medicinal potential as therapeutic agent. A higher content of bioactive compounds of Dayak onion bulbs found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, enhexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Eleutherine bulbous, Extract, Fraction, FTIR, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.12}, author = {Lokot Donna Lubis and Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar and Farhat and Iqbal Pahlevi Adeputra Nasution and Dedy Syahrizal and Kamal Basri Siregar and Putri Chairani Eyanoer and Ichwanul Adenin and Muhammad Rusda and Mustafa M. Amin} } @article {2297, title = {Phytochemistry, Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Uvaria Chamae and Sida Linifolia Extracts: Potential Implication in Diabetic Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {582-590}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {582-590}, abstract = {

Introduction: Uvaria chamae and Sida linifolia are plants traditionally used in Togo in diabetes treatment, an affection that often leads to several complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and toxicity of these two plants extracts. Methods: A phytochemical analysis was carried out on extracts obtained either by decoction or maceration in ethanol of Uvaria chamae leaves and Sida linifolia whole plant. Evaluation of the antihyperglycemic activity consisted in glucose absorption test using yeast and rats{\textquoteright} muscle and jejunum. DPPH test, total antioxidant capacity assay, hemolysis and egg albumin denaturation inhibition assays and evaluation of extracts acute toxicity were performed. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract of Uvaria chamae showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05); the highest phenolic contents (147.93 {\textpm} 1.01 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (153.33 {\textpm} 4.07), the lowest IC50 (μg/mL) for DPPH test (296.96 {\textpm} 91.69), a capacity of hemolysis (825.99 {\textpm} 29.24) and egg albumin denaturation (738.10 {\textpm} 92.26) inhibition assays. In the same way, hydroalcoholic extract of Sida linifolia, showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05), the highest phenolic contents (71.60 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (146.98 {\textpm} 2.81), lowest IC50 (μg/ mL) for DPPH test (788.28 {\textpm} 112.54), the hemolysis (882.03 {\textpm} 20.86) and egg albumin denaturation (1966.18 {\textpm} 35.94) inhibition assays. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity in rats. Conclusion: the hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Uvaria chamae and of the whole plant of Sida linifolia could be candidates in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

}, keywords = {Decoction, hyperglycemia, Neuroprotection, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.91}, author = {Sabrina Chris Janiba Sanvee and Bignoate Kombate and Yendub{\'e} Toughelighan Kantati and Pascaline Kindji Kpoyizoun and Essotolom Badjabaissi and Mindede Assih1 Aboudoulatif Diallo and Batomayena Bakoma} } @article {2430, title = {Plants with Antidiabetic Efficacy among the Dayak Bidayuh Community, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1342-1348}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1342}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus has been practiced for generations by the Dayak communities in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study is to inventory and describe the utilization of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus by the Dayak Bidayuh Kerambay, Dayak Golik, and Dayak Sinangkan{\textquoteright}t communities in Sekayam, Beduai, and Entikong Districts, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: This research is a qualitative descriptive study using triangulation method combining interview, observation, and documentation techniques of anti-diabetic mellitus medicinal plants among the Dayak communities. Results: The plants used as anti-diabetic mellitus include Physalis angulata L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Piper betle L., Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr, Curcuma domestica Valeton, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr, Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Orthosiphon stamineus B., Nepenthes sp., Solanum torvum Swartz, Garcinia mangostana L. The plant parts most commonly used, in sequence, are leaves, rhizomes, roots, fruits, fruit peels, and sometimes the entire plant. The method of preparation for each type of plant is the same, which involves boiling and consuming the boiled decoction. Summary: There are 15 types of plants used by the Dayak tribe community to address diabetes mellitus. Among these 15 types of plants, different parts are utilized, while the processing method remains the same, which is boiling.

}, keywords = {Dayak Bidayuh Tribe, Diabetes mellitus, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.216}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana and Siti Khotimah} } @article {2241, title = {Poikilodermatous Mycosis Fungoides: A Rare Case Treated with Low-Dose Methotrexate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and a primary cutaneous lymphoma. Poikilodermatous MF (PMF) is a rare clinical variant of MF. Systemic chemotherapy, such as methotrexate (MTX), may be administered as monotherapy or in combination at low doses in MF. A 64-year-old man with PMF has been reported. History and physical examination revealed hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, both arms, back, and upper legs, along with erythematous macules on the right medial thigh. The diagnosis of PMF is based on clinical manifestations and histopathological features of atypical lymphocyte cell infiltration in the epidermis. In addition, immunohistochemical examination also supports the MF diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy consisting of monotherapy with MTX at low doses. During the third month of observation following MTX therapy, a few of the hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules appeared to have diminished; some of the erythematous macules had transformed into hyperpigmented macules, and there were no new lesions. The purpose of therapy is to control the disease. Administration of low-dose MTX as a monotherapy may result in clinical improvement, but further observation is necessary. PMF may have a better prognosis than other clinical variants of MF.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Methotrexate, Mycosis fungoides, Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.40}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Frizam Dwindamuldan Sutisna and Endang Sutedja and Kartika Ruchiatan and Yogi Faldian and Laila Tsaqilah and Hermin Aminah Usman and Yovan Rivanzah} } @article {2359, title = {Positive NS1 Antigen in Non-Dengue Virus Infection Serum: Possible Reasons for the Discrepancy with DENV PCR Results}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {923-926}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {923}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: A specific examination is required to distinguish between DVI and viral, bacterial, and parasitic illnesses because their clinical manifestations are nearly identical. Leukopenia and lymphocytosis are examples of non-specific tests that might be used to get a diagnosis. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, anti-DENV antibody, or DENV-specific nucleic acid detection are more specific assays. Methods: Virus isolation or molecular analysis of the detection of DENV nucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA) using RT-PCR was used to make the conclusive diagnosis of DVI. The sensitivity of the DENV RT-PCR method ranges from 28.8 to 99\%. NS1 antigen is used as an initial diagnostic option in primary health care because it has a high specificity value (100\%). Researchers want to analyze the positivity in non-DVI samples that have been confirmed by real-time RT-PCR examination with semi-quantitative NS1 antigen examination. Patient population aged 1-65 years with acute fever \<5 days. A total of 130 samples of non-DVI confirmed patients by RT-PCR were examined for NS1Antigen ELISA. Results: With a proportion of 3.08\% of the total sample, the results showed that 4 NS1Antigen ELISA samples were positive. A negative DENV RT-PCR result could indicate either a true negative or a false negative. Conclusion: The type of PCR technology, the primer used, the existence or absence of a DENV mutation, the DENV serotype, and the presence of mismatched nucleotides can all affect variations in DENV PCR sensitivity.

}, keywords = {Dengue Virus Infection., NS1Ag, RT-PCR DENV}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.149}, author = {I Gusti Agung Ayu Eka Putri Sunari and Aryati Aryati and Faradila Khoirun Nisa Hakim and May Fanny Tanzilia and Ida Parwati and Rismawati Yaswir and Budi Mulyono} } @article {2423, title = {Potential Molecular level Impact of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1297-1304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence rate over the past few decades. Despite the availability of medications to prevent and reduce disease severity, T2DM prevalence and incidence continue to rise annually. Understanding genetic heritage{\textquoteright}s impact on therapeutic responses is improving, with pharmacogenetics being used to better comprehend the therapeutic variability of T2DM. This study aims to compare the effects of metformin and Cresvin beta capsules containing Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Salacia reticulata, Gymnema Sylvestre, Curcuma longa, Vitis vinifera and Piper nigrum (Black pepper extract) on diabetic and immune-related gene expression in T2DM patients. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups: metformintreated (group A, n=30) and Cresvin beta -treated (group B, n=30). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Gene expression levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain from DNA extracted from whole blood samples. Results: After 3 months, metformin significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels (p\<0.001). Cresvin beta also significantly reduced FBS (p\<0.01), PPBS (p\<0.001), and HbA1c (p\<0.001). Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in SIRT1, AKT, SLC2A4, IL-6, and TNF-α in both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Cresvin beta reduced glycemic levels and improved SIRT1, Pi3k, Akt, and SLC2A4 gene expression while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in T2DM patients.

}, keywords = {anti-diabetic efficacy, Ayurveda, Cresvin beta, Metformin, Sirtuin 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.209}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2254, title = {The Potential of Orthosiphon Aristatus Extract in Improving Skin Lesions in Atopic Dermatitis: A Mice Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {342-347}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research discusses the potential of Orthosiphon aristatus, a medicinal plant, in improving skin lesions in Atopic Dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and showing anti-allergic activity. Methods: The study was conducted using BALB/C mice induced with DNCB for 21 days to create an atopic dermatitis model. Then, the mice were orally administered Orthosiphon aristatus extract for 14 days (after 7 days of induction). The doses given were divided into six groups: 17.5 mg/kgbw, 35 mg/kgbw, 70 mg/kgbw, and 140 mg/kgbw. Molecular levels such as IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, the severity of skin lesions was assessed morphologically, and histological examination was performed to confirm clinical improvement. Results: This study showed that the administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract reduced the severity of skin lesions in all intervention groups. Histologically, this extract reduced epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. These findings were also supported by dose-dependent decreases in IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 levels. So, the conclusion of this study is that Orthosiphon aristatus extract shows potential for improving skin lesions in atopic dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and demonstrating anti-allergic activity in a mice model with DNCBinduced atopic dermatitis. Conclusion:\ The administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract clinically and histologically exhibits anti-atopic effects that can be explained through the regulation of molecules such as IgE, IL4, IL22, PGE2, and NO. Orthosiphon aristatus has the potential to be a valuable herbal therapy for managing atopic dermatitis.

}, keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Orthosiphon aristatus, Skin lesions, Th2 cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.52}, author = {Thigita Aga Pandaleke and Kusworini Handono and Dhelya Widasmara and Hani Susianti} } @article {2209, title = {Predictive Simulation and Functional Insights of Serotonin Transporter: Ligand Interactions Explored through Database Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Through its ability to facilitate the absorption of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter, also known as SERT, an essential component in the control of neurotransmission. To discover SERT possible therapeutic application, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its dynamic behavior, ligand interactions, and functional consequences. Within the scope of this investigation, the predictive simulations is crucial to investigate the complexities of SERT to gain a fresh understanding of its operation. We use the 6AWN model to describe the sequence and simulate the behavior of SERT in silico. Within this simulation, we anticipate the conformational changes of SERT and its reaction to ligand binding with paroxetine, cholesterol, dodecyl-beta-D-maltose (DDM), and sodium hydrogen ion. We discover critical residues that are crucial in the interaction between ligands and proteins. They have paroxetine binding to I.172, I.172, Y.176, and F.341 are examples of hydrophobic interactions. Example of hydrogen bonds include A.96 and pi-stacking: F.341. The blockage of the serotonin transporter is the principal mechanism of action that paroxetine has. Cholesterol interacts with SERT W.500, W.500, W.500, W.500, L.504, and A.507, and it also interacts with the outward-facing conformation of this transporter in two different ways. In general, cholesterol interacts with SERT and ligands to stabilize their optimal activity and structure. DDM contact with SERT is also a part of this interaction. R.104, D.328, E.494, Y.495, G.498, P.499, T.503, F.556, L.557, S.559, P.561, Y.579, G.582, T.583, and F.586 are the numbers that are currently in use. Within the context of glucosyl transfer processes, DDM has been utilized as an acceptor. And the interaction of Na with SERT S.263, which causes a change in the structure of SERT. Serotonin transporters are present in the environment.

}, keywords = {Database Analysis, Functional analysis, Predictive in silico, Serotonin Transporter}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.8}, author = {Irzan Nurman and Ninik Mudjihartini and Nurhadi Ibrahim and Linda Erlina and Fadilah Fadilah and Muchtaruddin Mansyur} } @article {2446, title = {Preeclampsia: A Cardiorenal Syndrome in Obstetric Intensive Care Unit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1439-1441}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1439}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses a spectrum of disorders involving heart and kidneys. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease are most likely occur via oxidative stress induced endothelial dysfunction. Case presentation: A 34-years-old woman was referred with difficulty of breathing. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia, partial HELLP syndrome, acute lung edema, cardiomyopathy, CRS, anemia, hyperkalemia, hypoalbuminemia, and AKI. Discussion: CRS and preeclampsia share similar risk factors and mechanisms including pre-existing renal or cardiac disease, diabetes, chronic hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or other systemic disease. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory AKI. Cardiac dysfunction reduce arterial blood supply and impairs venous return. Renal failure leads to the retention of water and an excessive volume demand. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disorders leading to CRS and preeclampsia remain the leading cause of morbidity in pregnancy.

}, keywords = {Cardiorenal syndrome, Hypertension, Preeclampsia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.232}, author = {Mohamad Evandiar Izwardy and Mariza Fitriati} } @article {2335, title = {Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern from clinical samples of the patients in Riyadh Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {751-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

Background: Multidrug-Resistant organisms (MDRO) pose a global health threat due to overuse of antibiotics and genetic transfer of resistance. The Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, faces unique challenges in combating MDROs, necessitating tailored interventions. Objectives: This research aims to inform evidence-based treatment and infection control measures. By understanding local epidemiology, we can optimize antimicrobial prescribing and minimize resistance emergence. Comprehensive surveillance in diverse healthcare settings is crucial given the escalating antimicrobial resistance. Materials \&Methods: This study utilized a retrospective design. Data was collected from diverse healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and laboratories, from March 2022 to February 2023. Sample size was determined using OpenEpi Software, with 1500 participants needed. Data collection involved reviewing microbiological records and laboratory reports, with deidentification of personal information. Ethical approval was obtained from Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Results: The study reported that 37.3\% of the 1500 patients were classified as MDRO, with a higher prevalence among males (64.3\%) compared to females (35.7\%). MDRO prevalence varied across age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in the 70{\textendash}79 age group (14.3\%). Multiple invasive procedures (P = 0.002), length of stay (LOS) (P = 0.01) were independent risk factors for MDRO infection. Antimicrobial resistance patterns showed significant proportions of MDRO among Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp., Conclusion: The study emphasizes the urgent need for policy interventions to tackle the alarming prevalence of MDROs and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Healthcare providers must prioritize antimicrobial stewardship and implement rigorous infection prevention measures to curb MDRO transmission. Future research should evaluate the impact of stewardship, monitor resistance trends, and explore novel treatment strategies. Collaboration among stakeholders is vital for addressing AMR comprehensively through knowledge sharing and capacity building initiatives.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance (AMR), drug resistance, drug sensitivity patterns, ESBLs and Carbapenemases., Multidrug-Resistant organisms (MDROs)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.125}, author = {Saad Mohammed Alsaab and Salman Khalid Alotaibi and Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Inbaraj Susai Domnic} } @article {2400, title = {Probabilistic Simulation and Sensitivity of Health Risks from Nickel and Cobalt Deposition Around the Mine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1159-1163}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1159}, abstract = {

Background: Mining activities can produce large amounts of heavy metals that are discharged uncontrollably, causing widespread ecosystem pollution. Heavy metal pollution is a serious problem, as heavy metals are toxic and non-degradable, polluting air, water and soil. Although some heavy metals are considered essential for normal physiological functions, concentrations that exceed the prescribed limits can have negative impacts on human health and biota. Exposure to heavy metals can cause toxicity to various tissues, organs and systems such as circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, immune, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems. Due to the differences in toxicity of heavy metals, risk assessment is very important in environmental management. Objective: To describe the probabilistic simulation and sensitivity of health risks due to Nickel and Cobalt deposition around the mine using monte carlo simulation. Methods: The method used in this study was literature review. Data collection was done through searching online databases such as: Pubmed and Science Direct. The keywords used in the article search were "Heavy Metal Toxicity", "Heavy Metal Effects", "Heavy metal risk analysis" and "Monte Carlo Simulation". Inclusion criteria were quantitative or qualitative research, target population was heavy metals Nickel and Cobalt, published in the last 10 years (2013-2023) articles in English and articles in original, fulltext and open access. Exclusion criteria are articles that are not relevant to the topic of discussion. Results: 14 articles were found, of which 3 articles on diseases or health problems caused by nickel, 3 articles on nickel risk analysis, 5 articles on diseases or health problems caused by cobalt, 3 articles on cobalt risk analysis. Conclusion: The environment around the mine shows a high level of toxicity, caused by the presence of heavy metals. This can result in serious environmental pollution and pose a great threat to human health. Chronic exposure to heavy metals can cause various health problems, such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, deformation and organ damage.

}, keywords = {Cobalt, Health risk, Heavy metal contamination, Monte Carlo Simulation, Nikel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.189}, author = {Sherly Wulandari and Anwar Mallongi and Budimawan and Agus Bintara Birawida and Nur Nasry Noor and M. Alimin Maidin} } @article {2257, title = {Protective Effects of Rutinoside on Oxidative Induced Articular Cartilage Damage and Catabolic Activity in Rat Chondrocyte}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {360-365}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {360}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to look into the therapeutic potential of rutinoside in reducing articular cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis generated by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Methods: We formed three groups of male Wistar rats: the OA, rutinoside, and control groups. Monosodium iodoacetate (3.0 mg) was injected intra-articularly into the knee joint to cause osteoarthritis. For four weeks, oral administration of rutinoside at 100 mg/kg/day was given to the groups that were given the treatment. Histological examination, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical tests were used to assess the level of articular cartilage injury, oxidative damage, catabolic activity, and biomarker expression. Results: The results showed that treatments with rutinoside significantly reduced the damage to articular cartilage in rats with MIA-induced osteoarthritis. Compared to the osteoarthritis group, the rutinoside-treated groups showed enhanced cartilage structure, proteoglycan content, and chondrocyte organization. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced NFκB, IL-1β, and MMP-13 expressions in the rutinosidetreated groups, indicating suppressed inflammatory and catabolic activity in chondrocytes. Additionally, rutinoside treatment increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels, which showed less oxidative damage to the joint. A substantial drop in CTX-II levels was found by biochemical research, indicating less type II collagen breakdown. Conclusion: According to a study, rutinoside effectively reduces oxidative damage and catabolic activity in chondrocytes, which can lead to decreased articular cartilage loss in a rat model of MIA-induced osteoarthritis. The study also found that rutinoside can control critical biomarkers such as NFκB, IL-1β, SOD, MDA, MMP-13, and CTX-II, highlighting its potential as a treatment for osteoarthritis. These findings provide valuable insights into using natural chemicals as a promising treatment for OA and suggest that rutinoside could potentially modulate the critical interplay between oxidative stress, inflammation, and chondrocyte catabolism in osteoarthritis. However, further research is required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and evaluate rutinoside{\textquoteright}s translational potential for OA therapy.

}, keywords = {Inflammation, Osteoarthritis, Oxidative stress, Rutinoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.55}, author = {Rena Normasari and Bambang Purwanto and Damayanti Tinduh} } @article {2340, title = {The Protective Effects of UV-blocking Spectacle Lenses and Class 1 UV-blocking Contact Lenses (Senofilcon A) on Superoxide Dismutase-2 and Catalase Expression in Lens Epithelial Cells Following UVB Radiation Exposure: An Experimental Study in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {785-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {785}, abstract = {

Introduction: To determine SOD2 and CAT expression in lens epithelial cells with the protection of UVblocking spectacle lens and UV-blocking contact lenses after UVB radiation. Methods: 32 eyes of Rattus norvegicus mice were subjected to UVB radiation from Philips PL-S 9W/01 narrowband 311 nm lamps at a distance of 18 cm for 30 minutes. Divided into four groups: a control group, P1 group exposed to radiation, P2 group wearing UV-blocking spectacle lens, and P3 group wearing UV-blocking contact lens. The mice were euthanized three days later and had their eyes removed. Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to evaluate the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Results: P1 demonstrated a statistically significant SOD2 expression (p=0.002) compared to the control group. Neither P2 nor P3 exhibited significant differences in SOD2 expression (p=0.693; p=0.365). The SOD2 of the P1 group was significantly different compared to the P2 and P3 groups (p=0.007; p=0.023). No statistically significant difference between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.606). The CAT levels in the P1 group significantly differed from the control group (p=0.001). The differences between the P2 and P3 groups and the control groups were statistically insignificant (p=0.894; p=0.120). CAT P1 group had a significant difference with P2 and P3 groups (p=0.001; p=0.033). No statistically significant difference was observed between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.154). Conclusions: UV-B exposure decreases the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Both protection can provide equally good protection.

}, keywords = {CAT, epithelial lens, SOD2, UV-blocking contact lens., UV-blocking spectacles, UVB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.130}, author = {Made Dessy Gangga Ayu Cinthiadewi and Nurwasis and Muhammad Firmansjah and Djoko Legowo and Ni Putu Ayu Reza Dhiyantari and Rifat Nurfahri} } @article {2218, title = {Punicalagin Opposes Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Role of Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {126-130}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are implicated in gentamicin (GEN)-induced nephrotoxicity. Punicalagin (PNG) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Objective: The aim of the present research was to investigate the possible defensive effect of PNG against nephrotoxicity caused by GEN in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: GEN (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered for 8 days. Treatment with PNG (25 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days, began 2 days before GEN insult. Results: PNG significantly decreased serum creatinine, and malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF- κB p65), and cleaved caspase-3 activity in the kidneys of GEN-challenged rats. PNG also significantly increased renal catalase, reduced glutathione, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in rats received GEN. Additionally, PNG markedly attenuated the histopathological kidney tissue injury caused by GEN. Conclusion: PNG guarded against GEN-induced kidney damage in rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, and by modulating the balance between Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.

}, keywords = {Gentamicin, Kidney, Punicalagin, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.17}, author = {Amr A. Fouad and Moataz Mohamedalhasan Ali and Mostafa Abdel-Hamid} } @article {2184, title = {Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1189-1196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient{\textquoteright}s kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope

}, keywords = {Digital imaging, Flowcytometry, Microscopic, Urine sediment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.216}, author = {Nur Fitri Hayati Melida Ritonga and Ferdy R. Marpaung and Hartono Kahar and Nunuk Mardiana and Yessy Puspitasari} } @article {2003, title = {Pharmacognostic Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Gendola Stem (Basella Rubra L.) Ethanol Extract from South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {329-332}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Gendola (Basella rubra L.) is a medicinal plant native to South Kalimantan. Therefore, this research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of B. rubra and the specific as well as nonspecific parameters of its ethanolic stem extract through pharmacognostic tests. Objective: The specific parameters comprise of the extract composition, phytochemical screening, TLC profile, organoleptic, and microscopic variables. Meanwhile, drying shrinkage and ash content were the non-specific parameters. Materials and Methods: The Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia was used as a reference for the pharmacognostic test method. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined through the DPPH method, which was based on the IC50 value. Results: A tasteless, brownish-purple powder with a characteristic smell, was obtained from the simple organoleptic assay while the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pith, xylem, phloem, cambium, cell walls, stoma, epidermal, guard, and neighboring cells were observed through microscopic examinations. The B. rubra stem contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. A good TLC profile was shown by the eluents of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3:7) and chloroform: methanol (9:1). The B. rubra simplicia stem had a water- and ethanol-soluble extract, drying shrinkage, total ash, and acid insoluble ash contents of 16.433\% {\textpm} 0.252, 10.5\% {\textpm} 0.173, 8.467\% {\textpm} 0.153, 6.5\% {\textpm} 0.1, and 0.517\% {\textpm} 0.115, respectively. Conclusion: Moreover, the pharmacognostic test results were acceptable. The B. rubra stem ethanol extract had an antioxidant activity of 344,096 ppm based on the IC50 value.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Basella rubra L., Gendola, Pharmacognostic, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.49}, author = {Arnida Arnida and Dian Kurnia and Sutomo Sutomo} } @article {2159, title = {Physicochemical and antistaphylococcal evaluation of two herbal ointments from Mikania micrantha Kunth and Tridax procumbens Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objectves: This present work was carried out to formulate and evaluate herbal ointments using Mikania micrantha and Tridax procumbens. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared using maceration technique. A simple ointment base was prepared using white soft paraffin and liquid paraffin. The extracts were incorporated into the ointment base following levigation method. The amount of extract to be incorporated into the ointment base was determined according to their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 87. The formulated ointments were evaluated for several physicochemical characteristics like colour, odour, homogeneity, washability, spredability, irritation potential etc. Antistaphylococcal assay was conducted using well diffusion method. Ointment base containing white soft paraffin and liquid paraffin was used as negative control and Supragent containing Gentamicin sulphate was used as a positive control. Results: The formulated ointments showed satisfactory results for tested physicochemical parameters. Both ointments showed moderate antistaphylococcal activity with reference to the activity showed by Supragent. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the formulated ointments can be incorporated into India{\textquoteright}s medicine system for treating Staphylococcus aureus induced skin ailments in future.

}, keywords = {Herbal ointment, Mikania micrantha, Skin disease, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.191}, author = {Arnab Bera and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {1979, title = {Phytochemical Comparative Studies, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial of Artemisia and Star Anise}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {183-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

The tradition of investigating plants and extensively scrutinizing their biologically or pharmacologically active compounds has markedly increased due to their fewer adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs. Through this study, we aim to establish a phytochemical screening and analyze and compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Artemisia and star anise. The antioxidant characteristics of plant extracts we assessed, the chemical bonds and components composition were analyzed in the sample and further experiments were done to assess the antimicrobial activities. On the results, we found that all the extracts of both the species were very impactful in the inhibition of E. coli, C. Albicans, and S. aureus. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to star anise and E. coli and C. albicans were inhibited better through the alcoholic extracts of Artemisia vulgaris. Star anise has a higher and more effective antioxidant activity against DPPH with a calculated value of 78.3 \% at a concentration of 750 ppm, at a concentration of 500 ppm it was 65.3\% and in the least concentration of 250 ppm, it was 23.3\% compared to Artemisia vulgaris. Additionally, both extracts possessed marked antifungal action.

}, keywords = {Anise, Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Artemisia, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.27}, author = {Khadeeja Y. Abid and Faris T. Abachi} } @article {2073, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Identification From 70\% Ethanol Extract of Arcangelesia Flava (L.) Merr Stems Using LC-MS/MS and In-Silico Molecular Docking Approach as Inhibitor Interleukin-1β}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {528-534}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr has been traditionally used to treat jaundice, liver disease, diarrhea, fever, and inflammation. Judging from its potential, scientific evidence of this plant extract as an inhibitor of interleukin-1β is still lacking. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical compounds present in the 70\% ethanol extract of Arcangelesia flava stems by LC-MS/MS and to elucidate the ligand-protein interactions through in-silico studies. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, furanoditerpene, hydroxyquinoline, phenylpropanoid, phenol, and fatty acids. According to molecular docking of the 15 compounds analyzed by LC-MS/MS, the compounds 3-hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5{\textquoteright}-trimethoxyflavone (ΔG=-7.72 kcal/mol), fisisaine (ΔG=-6,91 kcal/mol), and demethyleneberberine (ΔG=-6.85 kcal/mol), which demonstrated the highest affinity for binding to the protein target. In addition, active amino acids contribute to this interaction by creating strong hydrogen bonds, such as MET148, LYS 103, and THR300. Phytochemical compounds from Arcangelesia flava may serve as adjunctive therapy or a promising source of advanced structures in drug discovery for treatments targeting interleukin-1β

}, keywords = {Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr, Inhibitor interleukin-1β, LC-MS/MS, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.114}, author = {Rizki Rahmadi Pratama and Irawati Sholikhah and Sukardiman and Ram Kumar Sahu and Retno Widyowati} } @article {2117, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Luma Chequen (Molina) A. Gray from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {777-780}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Luma chequen belongs to Myrtaceae family and it is known as {\textquotedblleft}arrayan{\textquotedblright}. In the traditional medicine from Peru, L chequen is used as aromatic plant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile, evaluate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of L. chequen essential oil. Material and Methods: In the analysis of the volatile components a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the content of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was the method used to determine the antioxidant activity and obtain the half inhibitory concentration (IC50). For the antibacterial activity, a colorimetric macrodilution method was carried out to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of L. chequen against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The analysis by GC-MS showed two major components alpha-pinene (62.89\%) followed by 1,8-cineole (11.94\%), and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester with 8.67\%. In the antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, the essential oil of L. chequen showed an IC50 equivalent to124.60 {\textpm} 2.0 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity, L. chequen had an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 of 4.35 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL and 8.71 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: L. chequen presented monoterpene compounds as main phytoconstituents as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. The essential oil might be used as antimicrobial agent in the future overall against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Aromatic plant, Essential oil, Luma chequeen, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.151}, author = {Julio Luis D{\'\i}az-Uribe and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Salazar-Salvatierra and Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz and Oscar Herrera- Calderon and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri and Jos{\'e} Francisco Kong-Chirinos} } @article {2119, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Extract from the Leaves of Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC (Fabaceae) in Rats with Acute Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {786-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Inflammation and pain are the initial response mechanisms to environmental aggression on the human body. The traditional use of plants such as Desmodium Molliculum (Kunth) DC, among the Peruvian population for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, has occurred since ancient times. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of Desmodium molliculum (EDM) leaves in rats with acute inflammation induced using carrageenan. The phytochemical profile was performed for the main secondary metabolites with biological activity. Subsequently, 25 rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group I and II: Physiological Saline Solution (PSS) by oral administration. Group III: Sodium Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal administration. Group IV and V: EDM at 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw by oral administration, respectively; 30 minutes after administration, acute inflammation was induced in Groups II, III, IV, and V using the subplantar edema technique with 1\% w/v carrageenan. The volume displaced by the hind paw was evaluated in all 5 groups using a digital plethysmometer every 60 minutes for 5 hours. The results were obtained from the displaced volume (Mean {\textpm} SD), with the most representative values obtained at 240 minutes, where EDM at 250 mg/kg (0.57 {\textpm} 0.07 ml) bw and 500 mg/kg bw (0.578 {\textpm} 0.051 ml) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (ANOVA p\<0.05). We concluded that Desmodium Molliculum has anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw.

}, keywords = {Acute inflammation, Carrageenan, Desmodium, Dog{\textquoteright}s Paw, Edema Subplantar, Fabaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.153}, author = {Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano- Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Maria Llontop and Fatima Malca and Sebastian Noe and Cyntia Blanco-Olano} } @article {2152, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity in Dragon Fruit Plant Extracts as Immunomodulators in Pregnant Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dragon fruit contains many organic acids, proteins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Several natural compounds can increase the activity of the immune system, namely flavonoids, curcumin, limonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and catechins. Objective: to analyze the levels of phytochemicals and active ingredients from the fruit, skin, stem, and roots of dragon fruit plants. Methods: This research was carried out experimentally, carried out at the Pucuk Sirih Jamu Factory. This study used fresh and ripe Dragon Fruit Plants directly taken from the Tanah Laut District garden (South Kalimantan), carried out extract preparation, phytochemical screening, and determination of phytochemical levels of red dragon fruit plants. Results: The study found the highest secondary metabolite levels in red dragon fruit for Flavonoids in the stem (0.74\%), Alkaloids in the stem (4.21\%), Saponins in fruit flesh (0.45\%), and Steroids in roots (2.54\%). Antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit flesh (78.23\%), stem (79.13\%), root (8.64\%), and skin (11.24\%). The highest antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit stems.

Conclusions: There are groups of secondary metabolites and antioxidants contained in dragon fruit plants (fruit, skin, stems, and roots) from Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia).

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dragon fruit plant, Immunomodulator, Phytochemical screening, Pregnant Women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.184}, author = {Rubiati Hipni and Isnaniah and Noorhayati Maslani and Hapisah and Megawati and Isrowiyatun Daiyah and Ahmad Rizani} } @article {2007, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acids from Heliotropium Indicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {350-352}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Heliotropium indicum are used in ethnomedicine for treating skin rashes, inflammation, tumors and various diseases of microbial origin. Previous work focused on phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activities and isolated compounds. The whole plant was air dried and pulverized (600 g). It was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to dryness in vacuo (20 g). Screening for phytochemical groups was performed using qualitative methods. The antibacterial activity was performed using agar diffusion and antifungal activity using ditch plate method. Compounds were characterized using Gas-chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The results further showed the crude extract of the plant to be moderate to strong antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 12.0 + 1.6 mm and 25 +1.7 mm. the crude extracts of Heliotropium indicum demonstrated antibacterial properties which confirmed the traditional use of this plant in treating skin rashes and boil. In addition, the presence of Palmitate and Linoleic acid I the plant as revealed in this study justified the use of this plant in treating hypertension.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Heliotropium indicum, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.53}, author = {Idowu and Olajumoke Tolulope} } @article {1956, title = {Phytotherapy for Sexually Transmitted Infections In ThabaNchu, Free State Province, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {21-30}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been prescribed by traditional healers for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI{\textquoteright}s) for years. This study documents therapeutic plants used against STI{\textquoteright}s in Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with traditional medical practitioners between March and December 2017. Information on medicinal plants, their local names, and their uses against STI{\textquoteright}s was gathered. The use value (UV) of the plant species, frequency of citation (FC) and the informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for the plants and STIs included in the study. Plants were used to treat infections such Herpes zoster (ICF=0.4) as gonorrhoea (ICF=0.11), vaginosis (ICF=0.2), symptoms of HIV/AIDS (ICF=0.1) and pubic lice (ICF=0.1). A total of 35 plant species were identified for the treatment of STIs. Most medicinal plants in the study area came from the families Asteraceae (21\%), Fabaceae (17\%), Solanaceae (13\%) and Hyacinthaceae (13\%). Bulbinenarcissifolia, Pentanisiaprunelloides, Hypoxishemerocallidea, Scabiosa columbaria, Xysmalobiumundulatum Rumex lanceolatus, Eucomisautumnalis, Dicomaanomalaand Salvia runcinatawere frequently used. The preferred method for preparation of remedies were decoctions made from the roots (72\%), whole plant (17\%), leaves (7\%), fruits (2\%) and bark (2\%) which were consumed orally.This study contributes to the documentation of plants used for STIs to conserve the information for future generations. A selection from the most frequently mentioned plants for treatment of STI{\textquoteright}s may be used for further phytopharmacological investigations and subsequently be used for the development of new antimicrobial agents for global use and for the socioeconomic development of local communities.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Sexual transmitted infections, Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, Traditional Healers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.4}, author = {Brian Ngobeni and Idah Tichaidza Manduna and Ntsoaki Joyce Malebo and Samson Sitheni Mashele} } @article {2095, title = {Policy Implementation of Hypertension Prevention and Control Program in Banjarmasin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Ministry of Health launched the Policy Implementation for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension Program with the goal of addressing the needs of national and regional public health development through minimal service standards. The goal of this study was to look at how hypertension prevention and control programs were implemented in the city of Banjarmasin. This study uses a qualitative descriptive-explorative analysis method with multiple case study approaches. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and literature study to all research informants. Informant selection technique used purposeful sampling. Research variables included communication, resources, bureaucratic structure and dispositions/attitudes. The research findings indicated that communication between policymakers, implementers, and program targets was effective. Despite the fact that human resources have reached the criterion for personnel, certain officers continue to have an excessive burden, and the number of health cadres was insufficient. Although facilities and infrastructure were available, several Public Health Centers were still having difficulty channeling demands and budgets. The bureaucratic structure had been implemented through SOPs and the delegation of authority, however numerous agencies still lacked complete documentation and archives. Even though the overall objectives were not attained, all parties exhibited a strong commitment and determination to continue the program. It can be concluded that the implementation of hypertension prevention and control policies in Banjarmasin had been quite successful, though there were still some challenges, such as differences in program target participation methods, the need for systematic equalization of authority tasks, and more equitable budget management in terms of resources. Furthermore, in terms of bureaucratic structure, it is vital to develop organized documentation standards in each agency.

}, keywords = {Control, Hypertension., Implementation, Policy, Prevention, Program}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.132}, author = {Sally Pobas and Balqis Nazaruddin and Sukri Palutturi and Wahiduddin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2031, title = {Preliminary Exploration of Traditional Medicine Formulas as A Basis of Effort and Support Toward Traditional Medicines Developing Use and Implementation in The Government Healthcare Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {279-284}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Introduction: Develop the healthy living communities with enhance ability of community in using herbs or traditional medicine in the family health system was supported by the government regulations. Materials and Method: The study only took point 3 out of 10 points Essential Public Health Services. The point was to inform and educate the public about health, the factors that influence it, and efforts to improve it. This point was realized by collecting and selecting the formulas that have been published by the government to be summarized based on the indication of disease, quantity of herbs and water (including the parts of herb), processing of formulation and drinking rules, etc. Results: 17 Formulations of traditional medicinal herbs are valuable for the indication of diseases: arthritis, reduce blood fat /blood cholesterol, reduce blood glucose, reduce body weight, maintaining the health conditions of cancer patient, cough, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, gout, hemorrhoids, reduce high blood pressure, liver problem, nausea and vomiting, uric acid, increase urine volumes, urinary stone/kidney stone, and physical fitness. Conclusion: The formulas could be used and was introduced to the community for encouraging health literacy, empowering the community to build a family health system. Finally, the exploration of traditional medicine formulas could support the developing use and implementation of traditional medicines in the Government Healthcare Program.

}, keywords = {Healthy living communities., Traditional medicine, Traditional medicine formulations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.75}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani} } @article {2016, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Quercetin Concentration and Its Comparison in Psidium Guajava L. (Guava) Fruit Ethanol Extract 50\% and 70\%}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {399-405}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

In 80 \% of developing countries as stated by official fact sheets and report a large proportion of the society still relies on traditional practitioners and their armamentarium of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. The study on Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed its potential in increasing the number of megakaryocytes, followed by the rise of thrombocyte values. The study{\textquoteright}s objective was to compare the quantity of the quercetin content in 50\% and 70\% ethanol. This study was of experimental design and began by determining the effective concentration of two groups of guava fruits ethanol extract. The percentage of quercetin content dissolved within 50\% ethanol was 54.7344 mg/kg, and 70\% ethanol was 28.8420 mg/kg respectively. Quercetin content of Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract fruits in 50\% hydroethanolic was higher than that of 70\% hydroethanolic extract.

}, keywords = {Ethanol extract., Psidium Guajava L., Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.62}, author = {Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Achadiyani and Dyah Dhianawaty and Irma Ruslina Defi and Nur Atik} } @article {1968, title = {Preparation of Face Mask from Microalga Chlorella sp. and Its Potential as Antiaging}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

The mask with natural extracts is more acceptable by consumers at present. The Chlorella sp. is one of the microalgae which contain the antioxidant compound. The research aimed to obtain the best concentration of Chlorella sp. in the manufacturing of masks and to evaluate the sensory, physical properties, chlorophyll a b, carotenoid and its antioxidant compound. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design with 4 level treatments was used in this study with different concentrations of Chlorella sp. powder whereas MW0 (without chlorella powder), MW1 (0.4\% chlorella powder), MW2 (0.5\% chlorella powder), MW3 (0.6\% chlorella powder), triplicated. The parameter assay was observed for sensory (color, texture, and odor), physical properties (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the result of this study shows that the MW3 with 0.6\% of chlorella powder was the best treatment with sensory value (8.28, 7.08, 7.37); physical properties (homogenous, 5.3, 7.5 cm, 24-30 minutes), respectively. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a 0.67 mg/L, chlorophyll b 0.89 mg/L, total chlorophyll 1.63 mg/L, carotenoid 0.84 mg/L, the antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. mask was 246.70 mg/L. Therefore, the present study suggested that the Chlorella sp. mask could be used in cosmeceutical products, and potentially as an antiaging.

}, keywords = {Antiaging, antioxidant activity, Chlorella sp, Face mask.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.15}, author = {Dian Iriani and Bustari Hasan and N Ira Sari and Vivi Alfionita} } @article {2150, title = {Prevalence of Legionella pneumophila in a Variety of Environmental Water Systems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {987-994}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {987}, abstract = {

The purpose of the current study is to isolate and identify Legionella pneumophila by bacteriological and molecular methods from water and swab samples collected from a variety of water systems in Fallujah City, Iraq. A total of 227 samples were collected, including 146 swab samples and 81 of 1 L water samples. Bacteriological and molecular assays were performed compromised cultural, gram stain, a set of biochemical tests, and serological tests. The phenotypically validated isolates underwent a 16s rRNA gene by conventional PCR assays. The results showed 28 (12.33\%) were positive with the presence of legionella pneumophila isolates. including 5 (17.86\%) positive isolates from water samples and 23 (82.14\%) positive isolates from swabs. The current study showed that the majority of the water and swab samples were detected to be negative, but there is an appropriate exposure to this pathogen in the community. The diversity of the presence of these bacteria in several water systems, as well as the diversity in the use of multiple sources of water and exposure to them, leads to an increase in the potential risks of infection by L. pneumophila.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.182}, author = {Mohammed I. Khalid and Ibrahim A.A Rahmaan} } @article {2151, title = {Profile Hemoglobin and Ferritin of Rattus Wistar with Iron Deficiency Anemia After Consumption of a Snack Bar from Cowpea Flour (Vigna Unguiculata) And Haruan Fish (Ophicephalus Melanopterus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {995-998}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {995}, abstract = {

Background: In 2019, the prevalence of anemia in children under 5 years of age was 39.8\%, while the prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age was 29.9\%, and in pregnant women of childbearing age, the prevalence of anemia ranged from 34.0\% to 39.1\%. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hemoglobin and ferritin of rattus wistar with iron deficiency anemia after consumption snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish. Methods: Pre-posttest group design was used in this experiment, consisting of 2 groups. Groups P0 was given commercial feed for 30 days dan group P1 was given snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish for 30 days. Before to treatment, all rattus were made into iron deficiency anemia by given commercial feed free iron. Results: The results this study increased the high hemoglobin levels ranged from 2.83 to 3.35 g/dl and ferritin levels ranged from 30.61 to 37.45 {\textmu}g/l in the rattus was given snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish in comparison with the rattus was given commercial feed that hemoglobin levels ranged from 0.22 to 0.48 g/dl and ferritin levels ranged from 0.55 to 5.98 {\textmu}g/l. Conclusions: The hemoglobin and ferrin profiles in Wistar rattus increased after receiving a snack bar of cowpea flour and haruan fish.

}, keywords = {Cowpea flour, Ferritin levels, Haruan fish, Hemoglobin levels, Snack bar}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.183}, author = {Zulfiana Dewi and Sajiman} } @article {1892, title = {Parathyroid Carcinoma Mimicking Multiple Myeloma: A Tale of Refractory Hypercalcemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {863-866}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {863}, abstract = {

Primary hyperparathyroidism yields various symptoms, including hypercalcemia, pathological fracture, and renal impairment. Parathyroid carcinoma is the rarest cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, accounting for \<1\% of the cases. We reported a case of a 46-year-old male with closed fractures at the humerus and femur. Further findings revealed severe refractory hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anemia, and bone lytic lesion (CRAB). No palpable cervical mass was identified. Surprisingly, the serum protein electrophoresis was normal, and urinary Bence-Jones protein was negative along with normal bone marrow aspiration. Hence, multiple myeloma was unlikely. The intact parathyroid hormone level was very high, along with a suspicious nodule on the left thyroid lobe (TIRADS 4). Total thyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy were performed. The post-surgical pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. After the surgery, the patient was in stable condition with normal intact parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels. In this case, primary hyperparathyroidism was caused by parathyroid carcinoma with {\textquotedblleft}CRAB{\textquotedblright} symptoms, mimicking multiple myeloma. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in the patient with refractory hypercalcemia.

}, keywords = {Case report, Hypercalcemia, Multiple myeloma, Parathyroid tumor, Primary hyperparathyroidism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.180}, author = {Christian Jonatan and Sony Wibisono} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1869, title = {Pathophysiological Electrolyte Changes Connoted via Antagonism of Serotonin Receptor in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Background: Atypical antipsychotics are a subclass of antipsychotics that have emerged primarily since the 1970s for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. They are sometimes referred to as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Several atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, irritability in autism, and as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorders. Objectives: The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of two widely known atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole, and risperidone, on pathophysiological fluctuations in electrolytes. Several other studies were based on the following ideas, which brought a variety of different perspectives. As can be seen in the following evaluation, although atypical antipsychotics reduce the chance of extrapyramidal symptoms, it leads to impairment of renal function and destruction of renal histo-morphology. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats (10 per group) were used for this study, control group received normal saline, aripiprazole group received 10mg/kg//day, and risperidone group received 20mg/kg//day. The duration of therapy was long up to 3 months. Results: the results confirmed that both drugs reduced plasma sodium and chloride concentration with no effects on plasma potassium and calcium concentration. Moreover, the histomorphology at microscopic level shown no defects after 3 months of therapy. Conclusion: the outcome confirmed no deleterious defects associated with aripiprazole and risperidone when used for 3 months.

}, keywords = {Aripiprazole, Calcium, Chloride, Electrolyte, Potassium, Risperidone, Sodium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.134}, author = {Mohammed D Mahmood and Mohammed A. Younes and Mohammed Saarti} } @article {1802, title = {Peel-off Mask Formulation from Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis) as Anti Acne Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {565-570}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis), which contain saponin and tannin has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of acne. Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasca that often occurs in adolescence. Aims and Objective: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask prepared from stem of Sempeng extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Materials and Methods: Stem of Sempeng was extracted with soxhletation method by ethanol 96\%. The extract was formulated into peel-off mask with different extract concentration (0, 1, 5, 10, 15) \%. Then the inhibition test of the extract and peel-off mask was measured against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The data analysis technique used in this study was to measure the zone diameter on a petri dish using a caliper with a millimeter (mm) unit and presented in tables and photos, the results of the inhibition zone measurement were compared with the classification of the response of the extract barrier to the growth of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) standard bacteria. Results: The result showed that the inhibition zone of the peel off mask preparation of sempeng stem extract in F1 and F2 formulations with extract concentrations of 1\% and 5\% are categorized as resistant, which means that the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria has a low level of sensitivity so that a large inhibition zone is not formed. Whereas in the F3 formulation with a concentration of 10\% is categorized as an intermediate, which means in this concentration, the mask can inhibit the growth of the inhibition zone Propionibacterium acnes bacteria which is formed quite well, but in this category it will require repeated use or with high doses of use. Then in the F4 formulation with a concentration of 15\%, it is categorized as susceptible, which means the mask have a good inhibitory resistance zone, this shows that the increase in high concentration, the greater the inhibition zone as well. Conclusion: The peel off mask from ethanol extract of Sempeng stem is able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The peel mask preparation with concentration 1\%, 5\%, 10\% and 15\% forms a clear zone around the disc which means that this peel off mask formulation has activity to inhibits Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and is included in the category of susceptible interpretation according to the CLSI standard.

}, keywords = {Nepenthes gracilis stem extract, Peel-off mask, Propinibacterium acnes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.72}, author = {Rezqi Handayani and Nurul Qamariah} } @article {1810, title = {Pharmacobotany, Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Luffa operculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {622-628}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa operculata is a vegetable species well known in the traditional peruvian medicine for its many medicinal properties and cosmetic applications. Objective: The aim objective was to determine the pharmacognostic characteristics of L. operculata as well as observing the pharmacological effect of the ethanol extract of L. operculata fruit on chronic inflammation in rats. Materials and Method: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by using specific chemical reagents for each constituent chemical, the pharmacobotanical study was done with a histological tinction (fruit, steam and leaves), which were stained with Safranin 1\% and Toluidine blue 1\%; the chronical inflammation was assessed by air bag method in Holztman male rats. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/Kg were tested in order to determine the anti-inflammatory effect, which was demonstrated with histopathological evaluation and lymphocytes reduction. Results: The main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract presented saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and steroids. The efficiency of lymphocyte reduction per field in the histopathological study of the granuloma was 58.4\% with the middle dose of 250 mg/kg (p \< 0.0001), which gives a dose-independent anti-inflammatory effect in rats. Conclusion: Luffa operculata presented anti-inflammatory effect at 250 mg/Kg by oral administration in a chronical experimental model of inflammation in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory., Luffa operculata, Pharmacobotany, Saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.80}, author = {Jorge Alejandro Arroyo-Sandoval and Manuel Jes{\'u}s Marin-Bravo and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Roberto Jes{\'u}s Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Javier Hern{\'a}n Ch{\'a}vez-Espinoza and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {1753, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Test of the Formulated Tisane Powder of Gallant Soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Asteraceae) Aerial Parts from Benguet, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {193-204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {193}, abstract = {

Background: Galinsoga parviflora is a medicinal plant traditionally used to manage and treat various health conditions though the dearth of its scientific report on its pharmacognostic and safety profile remains. Objective: This study is designed to delineate the pharmacognostic and safety parameters of G. parviflora to ensure its authenticity, purity, quality, and safety. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis, including physicochemical evaluation, macroscopic and microscopic characterization, phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity test, were carried out to establish the plant{\textquoteright}s diagnostic features and safety needed for its identification and standardization. For the Acute toxicity test, male and female rats were orally administered with aqueous extract at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg (n=5/sex) and 5000 mg/kg (n=3/sex). All experimental animals were critically observed individually for overt signs and symptoms of toxicity, behavioral changes, body weight changes, and mortality for 14 days. Results: The physicochemical characterization, macroscopic evaluation, morphometric determination, surface tissue examination, and powder analysis of the intact and powdered drug material revealed key diagnostic features and properties based on the stem, leaf, flower architecture, and pharmaceutical properties. The aqueous extract primarily contains alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, and tannins as its phytoconstituents. During the acute toxicity test, no toxicological response and mortality were observed on both doses. Conclusion: The present study provides vital architectural features and chemical characteristics of G. parviflora essential for establishing pharmacopoeial standards, especially in plantbased medicine. Additionally, the aqueous extract{\textquoteright}s oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg is relatively safe as no significant evidence of treatment-related toxicity and mortality is seen.

Key Words: Acute toxicity, Microscopic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.25}, author = {JG Badilla and MLC Fiangaan} } @article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1935, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Water Hyacinth Flowers (Eichhornia Crassipes) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {955-957}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {955}, abstract = {

The purpose of this research was to know about phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of water hyacinth flowers extract and its potential use as a natural antioxidant. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Research consisted of several stages including sampling, sample preparation, sample extraction, yield of extract, phytochemical analysis (phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and reducing power. The results showed that extracts yield of water hyacinth flowers with n-hexane solvent was 4.95\%, ethyl acetate solvent was 1.69\%, and highest extracts yiled obtained from methanol was 26.06\%. Results of phytochemical compounds analysis showed positive results for phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Result of antioxidant activity with DPPH method interpreted within parameters of IC50. IC50 of Hyacinth flower extract were 1085.31 ppm for n-hexane, 950.71 ppm for ethyl acetate and 35.83 ppm for methanol. Small IC50 showed that higher antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical, Reducing ability., Water Hyacinth Flowers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.196}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Shanti Dwita Lestari and Wiwira Agustina and Sintya Dwika Putri} } @article {1877, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {603-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Caffeic acid, Cytotoxicity, Magnetic resonance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.142}, author = {Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua and Roshila Moodley and Hafizah Cheniah and Rene Khan} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1894, title = {Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70\% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Anisosciadium lanatum, Lipoxygenase, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.191}, author = {Mohammed Wasel Matar and Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani and Duaa Adnan Alghafli and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1791, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Virginia tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. var virginia) Fractions with DPPH and FTC Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {544-548}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {544}, abstract = {

Introduction: Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia) is one of the most extensive varieties of tobacco plants. Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaves known to contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, triterpenoids and glycosides. In addition to cigarette raw materials, tobacco is also able to be efficacious as an antibacterial, antifungal and bioinsecticide. Objective: The aim of this study to determine the total phenol and total flavonoids and also antioxidant activity of Virginia tobacco leaves fractions. The fraction with the largest compound content was evaluated further for its antioxidant activity. Methods: Virginia tobacco leaves was fractioned into dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions. Phenol levels were determined with Follin-Ciocalteu reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 743.50 nm and gallic acid as a reference compound. Total flavonoid levels were determined with AlCl3 reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 434.50 nm and quercetin as a reference compound. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) method and the standard used was quercetin. Results: Total phenol levels in Virginia tobacco leaves of DCM, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions respectively were 191.2386 mgGAE/g, 201.2913 mgGAE/g, 180.5714 mgGAE/g, 212.8692 mgGAE/g. Total Flavonoid levels respectively were 6.0927 mgQE/g, 6.9659 mgQE/g, 5.1112 mgQE/g, 8.3346 mgQE/g. Antioxidant of water fraction was evaluated further using DPPH and FTC method with IC50 respectively were 75.9148μg/ml and 67.8972 μg/ml. Conclusion: Overview of total phenol and flavonoid levels fractions and antioxidant can be used as an additional initial reference for Virginia tobacco leaves development as source of medicinal substances.

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Hylocereus polyrhizus, LDL cholesterol levels, Red dragon fruit peel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.69}, author = {Kori Yati and Misri Gozan and Mardiastuti and Vivi Anggia and Rini Prastiwi and Mahdi Jufri} } @article {1756, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {226-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer.

Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.28}, author = {Ehsan M. Abou Zeid and Afaf E. Abdel Ghani and Marwa Y. Mahmoud and Rehab H. Abdallah} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1820, title = {Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {690-701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (A. esculentus) commonly known as okra is being used as a medicinal plant traditionally, due to its phytochemical content that exhibits significant biological activities. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and embryotoxic effects of hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), methanol extract (ME), and aqueous extract (AE) of A. esculentus cultivated in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. esculentus extracts were screened for the phytochemicals while in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by performing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the embryotoxicity were accessed by exposing zebrafish embryos to the extracts and developmental endpoint recorded with median lethal concentration (LC50). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars. The highest phenolic content was obtained in the CE at 143.85 μg (GAE)/mg extract. Whereas the HE depicted the highest flavonoid content at 63.76 μg (QE)/mg extract. At 1000 μg/mL, ME showed the highest free radical scavenging activity at 28.86 \% and reducing power at 0.271, in both DPPH and reducing power assay, respectively. While the CE presented a significant embryotoxic effect on zebrafish with the LC50 at 236.07 μg/mL. The morphological malformation of embryos, scoliosis and pericardial oedema were observed at 500 μg/mL of HE and ME treatment. Conclusion: As a result, with various ranges of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacities and lower toxic effects of A. esculentus extracts may be efficient in reducing the inflammation precursors that drive chronic inflammatory illnesses.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemicals, Zebrafish embryotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.88}, author = {Veshalini K and Daryl Jesus Arapoc and Zainah Adam and Rosniza Razali and Noor Azuin Suliman and Noor Azlina Abu Bakar} } @article {1883, title = {Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {649-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {649}, abstract = {

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70\% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague{\textendash}Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value {\textpm} standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 {\textpm} 2.22 g to 161 {\textpm} 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value \<0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.

}, keywords = {Acute, purple leaves, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.148}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1729, title = {Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Black-White Fungus Auricularia sp. against Breast MCF-7 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cancer is a non-communicable disease with over 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths annually according to WHO. Breast cancer is the number two highest count type of cancer trailing behind lung cancer. Treating cancer is expensive and have various side effects. Active components found in plants or fungi that have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells, could be an alternative for anticancer. One of the fungi that is potentially developed as an anticancer, are the genus of Auricularia sp. also known as black-white fungus. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals components, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of the Auricularia sp. towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: Dried black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. grinded into a fine powder. Then, multilevel maceration is done with the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol as solvents. The extracts of black-white fungus undergo phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC), followed by measuring antioxidant and evaluating the cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids and a total of 17 other phytochemical components. Ethyl acetate extract of black-white fungus showed a weak antioxidant activity towards DPPH free radical with IC50 of 215.51 μg/mL and a very active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 0.21 μg/mL. On the other hand, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of black-white fungus are categorized with an active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 29.28 μg/mL and 50.39 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Black-white fungus Auricularia sp. that had anticancer activity towards breast MCF-7 cells should be considered as an alternative treatment for breast cancer therapy.

Key words: Phytochemistry, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Black-white fungus Auricularia sp., MCF-7 cells.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.1}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Arfi Rabbani and Anton Bahtiar and Norma Nur Azizah and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {1781, title = {Potency of Antidiabetic Effects of the Combination of Syzygium cumini and Andrographis paniculata in Rats with High-Fat Dietand Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {406-412}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague- Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Combination, Diabetes, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.52}, author = {Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and ELFAHMI} } @article {1749, title = {The Potency of Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume) from 5 Regions in Indonesia as Anti- Inflammatory}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {154-164}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {154-164}, abstract = {

Introduction: An alternative anti-inflammatory with milder side effects is needed. One of them can be sourced from plants such as Cinnamomum spp. Indonesia is the largest producer of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume) in the world. Thus, research is needed to increase the benefits and database of C. burmannii bark, especially as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the metabolite profile of the essential oil of C. burmannii bark (CBO) from 5 regions in Indonesia as an anti-inflammatory. Methods: The location of the sampling was carried out by fulfilling 3 criteria, namely the difference in the island, province, and the area that produces the bark of C. burmannii. Analysis was performed using GC-MS Agilent 7890B GC and 5977B MSD. A total of 40 male rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain were divided into 8 groups, each group consisted of 5 rats. Group 1 as negative control treated with 1\% CMC-Na solution, group 2 as positive control treated with ibuprofen at a dose of 27 mg/kg BW, Group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 treated with CBO from 5 locations. After 30 min of treatment, experimental animals were injected left paw with carrageenan1\%/100μl/paw. Measurements of left paw swelling were carried out at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours and the animals were sacrificed. Edema inhibition percentage, number of inflammatory cells, and TNF-α expression were analyzed. Result: The results of this study indicate that CBO from 5 regions in Indonesia has anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity CBO from 4 regions, namely from Kerinci, Lombok Timur, Karanganyar, and Gorontalo areas.

Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Cinnamon bark Oil, Metabolite profile, Essential oil.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.21}, author = {Budiastuti and Rosy Dwi Nurcholida and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1816, title = {Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {650-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Antitumoral., Cancer, Sweet potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.84}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Julio Hilario-Vargas and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {1762, title = {The Potential Effect of Nigericin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Against the Syndemic of Malaria and COVID-19 through Molecular Docking Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is a constantly challenging problem, notably in the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The syndemic condition, malaria-COVID-19 co-infections, had been reported. Our previous study successfully revealed several compounds from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus, including nigericin that has both antimalarial and antiviral effects. In malaria infection, Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) is the potential target for eliminating Plasmodium. Meanwhile, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, MPro is an essential protein for SARS-CoV-2 survival. This research aims to examine the potential effect of nigericin towards Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 by assessing its molecular interaction with PfCRT and MPro through molecular docking study. Methods: The protein target PfCRT and MPro were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Nigericin and the control ligand (chloroquine and N3) were obtained from PubChem. The pharmacokinetic analysis was done using SwissADME. Specific molecular docking was conducted using PyRx 0.9 and was visualized using LigPlot and PyMOL. Results: Nigericin has a large molecular weight, leading to the non-fulfillment of the Lipinski rule for oral administration. Through molecular docking study, the binding affinity of the Nigericin-PfCRT complex was -8.1 kcal/mol, and Nigericin-MPro was -8.6 kcal/mol. These binding affinities were stronger than the control ligand. The interaction between Nigericin-PfCRT and Nigericin-MPro share a similar pocket-site and amino acid residues as the control ligands. Conclusion: Nigericin has potential antimalarial and anti-coronavirus effects through molecular docking perspective by assessing the binding affinity and similarity of amino acid residues compared to control. Administration of systemic route can be an option in giving nigericin.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Malaria, Molecular docking, Nigericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.33}, author = {Faratisha IFD and Cahyono AW and Erwan NE and Putri AM and Ariel DG and Yunita KC and Nugraha RYB and Mardhiyyah K and Fitri LE} } @article {1871, title = { The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {558-564}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Background: Being the main metabolic organ, liver stays in touch with toxicity of introduced materials including, drugs. Protection is priceless to avoid complication of liver toxicity. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the protective impact of silymarin (SIL) on hepatotoxicity based on acute paracetamol (APAP) intoxication in rats in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: To do so serum was collected and the liver was analyzed for histological findings on rat model-paracetamol toxicity whether alone or in combination with SIL or NAC. The scenario was based on either preconditioning with SIL/NAC before induction of toxicity or afterwards. Serum liver function tests, pro-oxidant/antioxidant status, and proinflammatory markers were detected alongside liver histological study. Results: The results showed that liver function indices, oxidative state, and pro-inflammatory parameters were significantly changed, and histopathological alterations were detected in the liver of the intoxicated group. These modifications were inverted in groups treated with either SIL or NAC. The results of the current study suggested that SIL might be employed as a hepatoprotective drug against liver damage induced by APAP because of its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense status, and have anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: These results are equivalent to NAC therapy which is a standard drug against APAPrelated hepatotoxicity.

}, keywords = {APAP, Hepatotoxicity, NAC, Paracetamol, Silymarin, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.136}, author = {Noor Ahmed Abed and Musab Mohammed Khalaf and Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen Alnori} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1778, title = {The Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Seed Oil as Anti- Alopecia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Objective: This review article aimed to examine the potentiality of moringa seed oil as anti-alopecia. Method: The data was collected by studying national and international journal articles using several search engines, namely Google and Google Scholar websites, Research Gate, Sciencedirect and Scimagojr. The keywords for this article include moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Results: The result was tabulated in a table and described according to the mechanism of action of the active compounds found in moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Moringa seed oil contain the phytosterol compounds (β-sitosterol, ergosterol and campesterol) show the activities that obstruct the formation of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) compound known to be the cause of alopecia. The fatty acid compounds found in moringa seed oil (lauric acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid) reinforce its potential to be an anti-alopecia. Conclusion: The phytosterol and fatty acid compounds supported the growth of hair to be fertile and healthy.

}, keywords = {Anti-alopecia, Fatty Acids, Moringa Seed Oil, Phytosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.49}, author = {Yulius Baki Korassa and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Resmi Mustarichie and Rini Hendriani} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1766, title = {Potential of Stem Cells in Overcoming Infertility Problems in Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Stem cells are characterized as cells with undifferentiated kinds that have the ability to differentiate into a variety of various cell types in response to the environment in which they are growing and develop (niche). Stem cells are classified into three broad categories based on their origin: extra-embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord and placenta; adult stem cells, which are derived from adult tissues such as blood, fat, bone marrow and skin; and embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the blastocyst. Stem cells exposed to certain suitable conditions will differentiate into 3 germ layers and also primordial germ cells. This is the basis for the latest research to obtain mature haploid gametes capable of developing into normal embryos and fetuses. Somatic Nuclear Cell Transfer (SNCT) technique is used to produce mature gametes so that the resulting cells contain cell nuclei with new genetic material. Infertility is a common problem that occurs with a prevalence of 10-15\% of couples of reproductive age. Causes of infertility in women include metabolic and hormonal disorders accompanied by interactions with environmental factors that reduce oocyte quality. This results in an increased rate of aneuploidy in the resultant oocytes and impairs the human implantation process. The main objective of this research is to enhance the understanding of stem cells in women{\textquoteright}s infertility. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to stem cells (Stem cells), infertility, women. From the results of this study, it can be seen the potential of stem cells (stem cells) in treating infertility in women. Further studies are needed, especially pre-clinical and clinical trials so that they can be widely applied.

}, keywords = {Health risk, Infertility therapy, Public Health, Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SNCT), Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.37}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1757, title = {Potential Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHI) from Metformin and Traditional Medicines: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {235-244}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: Metformin given together with herbs in order to optimizing its mechanism of actions. The effect might be positive and vice versa. Interaction might occur pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamically. The study aimed to review potential interaction of metformin and some herbs with various pharmacological activities. Methods: This literature review was conducted by collecting articles with keywords Metformin, Herb-drug Interaction, drug interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology from international databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Scopus up to 2021. Results: Metformin with its various uses such as antidiabetic agent, an agent for reducing weight for patients that sensitive or even resistant to insulin, patients with obesity, anti-tumor agent, anti-cancer potential agent, and also has anti-aging potential. Metformin could interacted with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interaction might occurs pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. Pharmacokinetics interactions occurred during distribution and also excretion via transporters that metformin transported with. This was shown as the elevated or lowered metformin levels in blood. Pharmacodynamic interactions can be seen as the lowering or elevated levels of glucose, HbA1c and even the lipid profile in blood or plasma. Conclusion: According to this literature review, Metformin have potential interaction with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interactions occur pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. This study can be used as a established familiarity with and understanding the potential HDIs from Metformin and herbal products.

Key words: Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHIs), Metformin, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.29}, author = {Asri Dwi Endah Dewi Pramesthi and Endang Lukitaningsih and Agung Endro Nugroho} } @article {1865, title = {Potential Role of Mitragynine as Lipolysis Stimulator via Adrenergic Signalling: Docking Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {527-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Mitragynine is the most popular of the more than 50 alkaloids contained in M.Speciosa. In particular, the Mitragynine alkaloid has the potential to increase lipid (fats) metabolism through specific pathways such as adenylyl cyclase signaling via adrenergic receptors. In this case, Asp Amino acid and Ser are the types of residues that can activate adenylyl cyclase to initiate a series of activities in cells. Methods: This study used Mitragynine ligand and adrenergic receptors (α1b, α2a, α2b, α2c dan β1). The receptor candidates were tested using Autodock whose test results were presented in the form of tables and 3-dimensional images using the Biovia Discovery Studio. Results: Hydrogen bonds were formed between Mitragynine and the amino acids Asp and Ser at the β1-adrenergic receptor. The binding amino acids were found in Ser20 and Asp21 with energy bond of -5.26 kcal/mol and IC50: 111.35 ppm. Meanwhile, at the adrenergic receptor α2b there was only Asp residue that formed hydrogen bond with Mitragynine namely Asp218A. The energy bond formed between the two was -5.19 kcal/mol and IC50: 125.04 ppm. Conclusion: Mitragynine has the potential to stimulate lipolysis through the pathways of α2b and β1-adrenergic receptors.

}, keywords = {Adrenergic, Docking, Lipolysis, Mitragynine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.130}, author = {Khoirul Rista Abidin and Ronny Lesmana and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Kelana Kusuma Dharma} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1917, title = {Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {833-841}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.

}, keywords = {Gene polymorphism, Matrix metalloproteinase 9, Molecular simulation., Multidrug resistant TB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.176}, author = {Anse Diana Valentiene Messah and Sawitri Darmiati and Cleopas Marthin Rumende and Retno Ariza Soemarwoto and Joedo Prihartono and Asmarinah and Fadilah Fadilah and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum} } @article {1782, title = {Preliminary Data on the Antibacterial Activity of Coffea Arabica, Coffea Canephora and Coffea Liberica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {413-424}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {413}, abstract = {

The continuous use of synthetic antibiotics will not only kill bacteria but also can accelerate the emergence of resistant pathogenic races. In addition, it can also cause the death of normal flora. Coffee extract is reported to have the potential as a naturally active and non-toxic antibacterial compound suitable for biomedical applications. Extraction using methanol was carried out on green coffee and which had been roasted for three types of Jambi coffee, namely Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee and continued with fractionation using hexane and ethyl acetate. The results of the analysis using FTIR showed that OH, C-H, C = C, C = O, C-O, C-N and N-H groups were detected. These functional groups are probably the functional groups that belong to caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid and dehydrocafestol, which are believed to have bacteriostatic effects on some bacteria. The SEM-EDX analysis results of the three types of coffee showed that the dominant elements were O, K and Mg. Potassium and magnesium minerals bind with chlorogenic acid to form salt complexes of chlorogenic acid and magnesium chlorogenic acid complex. The antibacterial activity of the coffee extract and fraction was still low with the diameter of the inhibition zone was still low (0-10 mm). Furthermore, further characterization and tests are needed to confirm the antibiotic potency of the Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee ethanol extracts.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Coffee, E. coli}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.53}, author = {Madyawati Latief and Heriyanti and Indra Lasmana Tarigan and Sutrisno} } @article {1774, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Four Secondary Metabolites, Total Tannin and Total Flavonoid Contents in Guava Fruit Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {350-357}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study on guava fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh Village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed increased megakaryocytes and platelet numbers in thrombocytopenic mice model. The study of acute oral toxicity of the extract did not show toxic effects in the kidney and liver at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. The aim of the study was to determine the profile and quantity of four metabolite compounds and total tannin and flavonoid in the extract. Materials and Method: gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaemferol in the extract were identified and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture:0.1\% acetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 300C. The total tannin and flavonoid were determined using the by spectrophotometry method, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-phenanthroline at wavelength 510 nm for tannin and aluminium chloride and rutin at wavelength 422 nm for flavonoid, respectively. Results: Percentage of gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaempferol were 0.77\%, 1.37 \%, 0.41 \% and 0.35 \%, respectively. Total tannin and flavonoid contents were 1.20\% (TAE) and, 1.18\% (RE) respectively. Conclusion: The guava fruit ethanol extract contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, kaempferol, tannin and flavonoid.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Guava fruit, Psidium guajava, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.45}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Nur Atik and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Iskandar Muda} } @article {1896, title = {Preparation, Evaluation of Propolis Extract Gel and exploring its Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {675-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis is a wax-like resin which is produced by different types of bees by mixing resinous secretions of plants with beeswax and other products of bees{\textquoteright} metabolism. However, this natural product contains a group of compounds that are responsible for various propolis activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and others. This study aims to prepare different gel formulae that contain various concentrations of propolis extract using two different polymers and to evaluate their physical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Method: Propolis was extracted depending on the hydroalcoholic method; six different gel formulae (P-1 to P-6) were prepared with different concentrations of propolis extract (0.5, 1, and 1.5\%) using two different polymers; carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407, in concentrations of 0.5 and 25\% respectively. The formulae were evaluated physically for their visual appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physiological compatibility with the skin. The anti-microbial activities were investigated by well diffusion method against various bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus (gram+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-), Enterococcus fecalis (gram+) and against one fungal species which is Candida albicans. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined utilizing 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Finally, a stability test was carried out for the chosen formula. Results: The six formulae (P-1 to P-6) were successfully prepared and evaluated and they were acceptable in their physical appearance and consistency, pH reading was in the range of 5.33{\textpm}0.08 to 5.72{\textpm}0.02 (p\>0.05), a study of the skin irritation revealed no undesirable side effect, while the viscosity was in the range of 128.99{\textpm}0.07 to 248.54{\textpm}1.04 Pa.s (p\>0.05), also the carbopol-934 containing formulae revealed good spreadability (1.495{\textpm}0.075 to 5.15{\textpm}0.35 mg.cm/s, p\>0.05), in comparison to poloxamer-407 containing ones. Both carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407 containing formulae exhibited antimicrobial activity but the P-3 formula had the largest inhibition zone against C. Albicans (16.1mm), and only P-2, P-5 and P-6 were active against pseudomonas aeruginosa (12mm in all), while P-2 had the largest inhibition zone against enterococcus fecalis (13.2 mm), P-2 and P-5 showed the largest activity against staphylococcus aureus (15.5 and 14.6 mm respectively). The carbopol-934-containing formulae exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those with poloxamer-407, and the best-calculated IC50 belonged to P-2 (1.19 mg/ml). Conclusion: All the prepared formulae showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities with some controversial results. However, P-2 (1\% propolis extract and 0.5\% carbopol-934), was active against all types of the tested microorganism, and had the best-calculated IC50, in addition to that it was a stable formula.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Carbopol-934, Poloxamer-407, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.153}, author = {Shahad Myasar Alfaris and Rasha Khalid Dhahir and Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima} } @article {1851, title = {Preparation of Karkataka Taila, an Edible crab Rasayana, and assessment of its toxicological effects on SH-SY5Y cell line and on Drosophila melanogaster embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {423-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Background: Karkataka Taila (KT) is a virgin coconut oil (VCO) based Rasayana formulation that is enriched with the flesh of freshwater edible crab, Scylla serrata, used to treat Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease (PD) or Kampavata by local Ayurveda practitioners of Kerala state. There is no scientific study carried out on its toxicological effects so far. Objective: To understand the ayurvedic preparation method for KT and assessment of the toxicological effects of the KT and VCO on SH-SY5Y cell lines and Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Materials and methods: The SH-SY5Y cell lines treated with different concentrations of KT and VCO range from 6.25 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml and Drosophila melanogaster embryos fed with food containing different concentrations of KT and VCO, ranging from 0.005 \% to 10 \%. Results: KT and VCO did not show any significant cytotoxicity effect on SH-SY5Y cell lines up to a dose concentration of 25 μg. But, at 50 μg and 100 μg concentrations, KT has shown a cytotoxic effect and it was higher than the VCO. The toxicological analysis in Drosophila has shown that the survival rate of the KT treated group at concentration ranges from 0.005 \% to 10 \% is significantly decreased from 78.8 \% to 27.7 \%, compared to the control group, whereas in VCO treated group, at 0.005 \% to 10 \%, the survival rate has decreased from 76.2 \% to 66 \%, which is marginally higher than the KT treated group. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that as the concentration of Rasayana in the medium increases, there is a noticeable adverse effect on the percentage viability in SH-SY5Y cell lines and in the number of offspring in Drosophila. The effect of vehicle, VCO, at the same concentration has shown a protective effect on cell lines and flies. It can be concluded that the toxic effect has been observed only at higher concentrations of KT and at the lower concentration, the toxic effect has been minimal.

}, keywords = {Drosophila melanogaster, Rasayana, SH-SY5Y, Toxicology, Virgin coconut oil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.117}, author = {Deepika NP and Shyamala Baragur and Mudavath Ravi Naik and Shanker Kalakotla and Muhasina KM and Puja Ghosh and Basavan Duraiswamy} } @article {1890, title = {Profound Assessment of Phytochemical, Botanical and Antioxidant Characteristics Including Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Stem Bark of Cordia obliqua L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {753-758}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {753}, abstract = {

Cordia obliqua is known as Bumber. Its fruits and leaves are popularly used because of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity as well as botanical features of stem bark of Cordia obliqua. Chemical components were preliminary screened in various fractions based on the polarities including; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of using standard procedures. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS antioxidant procedure, using ascorbic acid as standard. Results confirmed that stem bark of Cordia obliqua chemically is characterized by the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in various fractions and the absence of cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Microscopically, the plant is characterized by presence of big Ca oxalate clusters, various types of xylem vessels and big amount of cork cells. TPC was ranged from 13.6{\textpm}1.4 and 220.5{\textpm}3.4 mg GAE/g dry plant extract and TFC was ranged from 0.029{\textpm}0.12and 15.46{\textpm}0.33 mg QE/g dry plant extract. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions; results of antioxidant using ABTS assay showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 valued 11.84{\textpm}1.2 μg/ ml for butanol fraction and 14.81{\textpm}1.1 μg/ml for ethyl acetate fraction. Taken together, the research work demonstrated the potential natural antioxidant value of the waste product stem bark of Cordia obliqua. The study endorses forthcoming work to isolate and identify the chemical constituents in stem bark of Cordia obliqua.

}, keywords = {ABTS., Boraginaceae, Cordia obliqua, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteau, Total phenolic and flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.163}, author = {Dalya Ramzi Alsuliman and Zainab Mohammed Al Sultan and Maryam Khalil Almajhad and Nour Kamal Alhajri and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1915, title = {Prostate Cancer: Causes and Medicinal Plants Used in Africa for Twenty Years (2001-2021)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {822-828}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Prostate cancer is one of deadliest cancers in the universe especially in Africa. A lot of work has been done on the treatment and control of breast cancer, colon/colorectal cancer, skin cancer, etc. Only a few works on prostate cancer has been published in literature. The conventional method of treatment used is almost not affordable by many cancer patients due to high cost of drugs and therapy. Also, the cumulative side effects arising from the treatment is enormous to patients. Hence, there is need to exploit local herbs that contain active anticancer ingredients that are readily available and affordable with little or no side effects. The present review was carried out to evaluate published works on medicinal plant species used for treatment and control of prostate cancer in Africa for twenty years (2001-2021). A total number of 48 plant species with 40 families were retrieved from database using ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Web of Science, Springerlink, Scopus, PubMed, and BioMed. All the plant species were reported to possess cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The most cited plant species according to literature sources are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Plumbago zeylanica, Gongronema latifolium and Mangifera indica. Plant families that were used more in treating prostate cancer were Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae. We conclude that more research be carried out on the medicinal plants{\textquoteright} usage on the treatment of prostate cancer and further bio-prospecting drugs from the enlisted plants should explored by the pharmaceuticals in Africa.

}, keywords = {Cure, Death, Ethnobotany, Families, Phytomedicine, Tumour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.174}, author = {Oludare Oladipo Agboola and Samuel Bawa Ijimbili and Gift Onyinyechukwu Ofuasia and Joseph Anejo-Okopi and Jasini Alexander Wahedi and Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo} } @article {1839, title = {Protein Analysis of Royal Jelly Bee Apis Mellifera Carpatica as Candidates for Immunotherapy in Reproductive Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {338-343}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: The honey bee of the Apis mellifera species is the main type of bee cultivated in almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Honey has benefits in various aspects, including food, health, and beauty. Royal jelly is a daily food menu as a food supplement to maintain and increase health and vitality. Purpose: Analyzing the immunogenic and toxinogenic proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica as immunotherapy. Method: Conversion of nucleotides into amino acids. Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Protein of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of Ramachandran Plots of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of epitope and allergen proteins, Analysis of antigens and toxins. Research result: The research results found that six proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica were epitope, antigenic, and non-toxic. Allergens and three Royal jelly proteins, Apis mellifera carpatica, are non-allergenic. In this study, the three-dimensional structure has not been found and opens opportunities for proteomic studies of the Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica protein, including protein isolation. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for the use of immunotherapy materials against the protein Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica against reproductive disorders.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Apis mellifera carpatica, Immunotherapy, Protein, Royal jelly}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.104}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1734, title = {Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50\% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 {\textpm} 1.3 to 1450 {\textpm} 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides.

Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.6}, author = {Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel and Herryawan RE Dyari and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1430, title = {Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes} piperita): Role in Management of Diseases through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {822-827}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes}piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Mentha {\texttimes}piperita, Pathogenesis, Peppermint}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.104}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Amjad Ali Khan and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1343, title = {Pesticide Residue Measurement in Commonly Used Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {142-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65\% of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30\% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05\% of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue \< MRL were 100\%. A total of 20\% of the zucchini samples were with residue \< MRL and 80\% of the red pepper samples were with residue \< MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.

}, keywords = {GC{\textendash}MS/MS, LC{\textendash}MS/MS, Maximum residues limit, QuEChERS, Vegetables}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.20}, author = {Waad Hamad AlSaikhan and Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1365, title = {Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {317-324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara\ and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC\ and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Northeast India, Pharmacognostic study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.41}, author = {SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya and SH Victoria Devi and Ajay Kakati and Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury and Muslek Uddin Mazumder} } @article {1340, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Rotenone Content in Derris elliptica Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {124-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81{\textpm}1.30, 5.77 {\textpm}0.92, 7.35{\textpm}0.63, 1.221{\textpm}0.20\%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07{\textpm}1.23 and 11.31{\textpm}1.68\%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870{\textpm}0.1242 and 0.2844{\textpm}0.1209\% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.

}, keywords = {Quality evaluation, TLC-densitometry, TLC-image analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.17}, author = {Krittapat Phairoh and Parichart Hongsing and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1649, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1186-1194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1186}, abstract = {

Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 {\textpm} 0.35\%), loss on drying (4.55 {\textpm} 0.21\%), total ash (14.38 {\textpm} 0.25\%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 {\textpm} 0.37\%), water-extractive value (16.14 {\textpm} 0.50\%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 {\textpm} 0.39\%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 {\textpm} 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09{\textendash}467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Morus alba, Pharmacognostic specification, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.152}, author = {Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Anuchit Phanumartwiwath} } @article {1719, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. \& J. Presl)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1734-1745}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1734}, abstract = {

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28{\textpm}0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

}, keywords = {Analitical standarts, Arctium lappa L., Fructus, Leaves, Pharmacognostic standarts, Phytochemical analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.224}, author = {Kolomiets Natalia Eduardovna and Korolev Stepan Alexandrovich and Isaykina Nadezhda Valentinovna and Abramets Natalia Yurievna and Kudryavtseva Darya Vladimirovna and Boev Roman Sergeevich and Zhalnina Ludmila Vladimirovna and Ali Abdujalil Kaid Hasan and Bondarchuk Ruslan Anatolevich} } @article {1414, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 \%, 1.67 \%, 0.38 \% 6.39 \%, 0.61 \% w/w, 1.16 \% w/w, 11.70 \% and 7.25\% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

}, keywords = {Analytical standards, Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit), Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacognostic standards, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.89}, author = {Eleje Oboma Okonta and Peculiar Feenna Onyekere and Patience Ngozi Ugwu and Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme and Vincent Obisike Chukwube and Uchenna Estella Odoh and Christopher Obodike Ezugwu} } @article {1357, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaves of Annona muricata Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata Linn. (Family: Annonaceae) is a well-known traditional and natural medicine over the world; in Malaysia it serves as a treatment for many kinds of diseases. Studies have been reported that A. muricata can be used to treat diseases due to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, and has immune enhancing properties. Despite having several medicinal functions and properties, however there is no standardization parameters have been reported in the literature for the leaves of A. muricata. Methods: Therefore, through this research study, the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves were investigated. Results: Based on the observation of the transverse section of the leaves, the presence of upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, lignified vessels, xylem vessels, collenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle and parenchyma served as important key differentiating features for the studied plant. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of pieces of trichrome, collapsed uniseriate multicellular covering trichrome, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, paracytic stomata and fragment of epidermis showing cell and palisade cell. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed even though the captured image was slightly unclear. The phytochemical screening of the leaves was carried out using four different extracts which showed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this research finding, the pharmacognostic standardization of the plant can be established thus, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Preliminary physiochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.34}, author = {Gouri Kumar Dash and Mohd Haziq Bin Hashim and Abdul Karim Russ Hassan and Ravindran Muthukumarasamy} } @article {1417, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Collection and Study of its Hepatoprotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {713-721}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods: An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40\% ethanol. Results: The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30\%; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0\%; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5\%; tannins - not less than 3.0\%; arbutin - at least 0.4\%; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01\%.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. Conclusion: The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective activity, microscopy, Phenolic compounds, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.91}, author = {Lubsandorzhieva PB and Rendyuk TD and Dashinamzhilov Zh.B and Dargaeva TD and Ferubko EV} } @article {1396, title = {Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds: Overview of Pouteria Genus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {577-584}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {577}, abstract = {

Species of Pouteria are widely spread in various countries. Pouteria is one of the genus that have diverse pharmacological activities. This review includes an overview of the species from Pouteria, phytochemical methods used in isolation of compounds from Pouteria, and their pharmacological activities. The trends in the pharmacological activity of Pouteria is antioxidant activity, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. However, information on its use as a traditional medicine from Pouteria was poor. Chemical compounds that have been widely isolated from Pouteria genus included phenolic acid, other phenolics non flavonoid, flavonoids, and terpenoids derivative. The most widely reported chemical compounds from Pouteria are terpenoid derivatives. Further research is needed for the mechanism of action based on the pharmacological activites of chemical compounds.

}, keywords = {Pharmacological activities, Phytochemical compound, Pouteria genus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.72}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Irda Fidrianny and Rika Hartati} } @article {1360, title = {Pharmacological Potential of the Stinging Plant Tragia Species: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Tragia is well known in the botanical world a stinging plants. Apart from this, the genus also occupies an important constituent of alternative systems of medicine as well as ethnobotany. Among the various species of Tragia, the most studied and experimented species is T. involucrata. This genus is used for several ethnobotanical uses such as cancer, diarrhea, constipation, scorpion bite, rheumatism, whooping cough and diabetes. Apart from this the genus is also an important constituent of ayurvedic and siddha medicines. Owing to these properties several researches has been conducted to validate the traditional uses, finding out new uses and understanding the phytochemical profile. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids and tannin are present in the genus Tragia. Calcium oxalate and shellsol is responsible for the stinging property. Various species of Tragia has been validated for its important properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. All these properties has been related to the occurrence of secondary metabolites. However the exact lead metabolite for the pharmacological properties has to be identified. Based the experimentally proved pharmacological properties, Tragia possesses significant potential on a medicinal species.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antibacterial, Nanoparticles, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Tragia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.37}, author = {Narasimhan S} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1604, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Anti-Microbial Activities of Suaeda vermiculata n-Hexane Extract in Comparison to the Plant{\textquoteright}s Hydrodistilled Volatile Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {853-859}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {853}, abstract = {

Background: Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte found in central Saudi Arabia, used as a remedy for jaundice, liver diseases, and viral infection. Study aim: Chemical identification and biological evaluation for the n-hexane extract of S. vermiculata. Methods: An assay of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials and contents of the volatile oil and n-hexane extract of the plant{\textquoteright}s aerial parts were analyzed through GC-MS analysis. Results: A total of 24 constituents representing 73.74 \% of the n-hexane extract were identified wherein bornyl acetate, γ-elemene, and phytol were major ratio. The n-hexane extract inhibited DPPH-radicals inhibitions at 27\% efficiency at 10 mg/ml concentration which was lower than the volatile oil DPPH-reactivity. The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract was relatively weaker than the volatile oil, except against Candida albicans that showed IZD values of 19 mm with MIC value at 5.2 mg/ml for the volatile oil while IZD value of 26 mm and MIC at 4.7 mg/ml was observed for the n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Despite high extractive value, the n-hexane as a solvent is not recommended for extraction as the oxygenated-terpenic components, considered responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were not fully extracted. The n-hexane extract which showed potent inhibition of C. albicans can be a source for further investigation for bioactivities of its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, n-hexane extract, Suaeda vermiculata, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.109}, author = {Mohsen S Al-Omar} } @article {1641, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1122-1133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1122}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Cytotoxicity, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.145}, author = {MA Alfaro Jim{\'e}nez and A Zugasti Cruz and SY Silva Belmares and JA Ascacio Vald{\'e}s and CA Sierra Rivera} } @article {1669, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium polyanthum Methanolic Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1355-1358}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1355}, abstract = {

Background: Since a long time ago, Syzygium polyanthum has become traditional herb for health, and thus many studies done to confirm the medical effectiveness. Objectives: This present study was conducted to evaluate phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves. Materials and Methods: In the present study, standard methods of determination were used to determine the phytochemical compounds of S. polyanthum. The methanol extract of S. polyanthum leaves were subjected for antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition. Diameters of the zone of inhibition were compared with standard antibiotics. Results: Phytochemical analyses qualitatively reveal the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid. The extract was found to exert antibacterial activity against four tested bacteria which are S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae except for E. coli. The zones of inhibition shown by the disc diffusion method for S. aureus were between 8.6 to14.0 mm, S. pyogenes were between 8.4 to 12.0 mm, MRSA was between 10.0 to 13.2 mm and K. pneumoniae were between 8.0 to 10.6 mm. Meanwhile, there was no zone of inhibition was observed for E. coli. The MIC was determined ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/ml against all the tested bacteria. The highest value of MIC showed by S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae which is 6.25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The tested leaves extract showed promising antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid in methanolic leaves extract qualitatively and these compounds could be responsible for antibacterial properties of leaves extract of S. polyanthum.

}, keywords = {Syzygium polyanthum; Phytochemical; Antibacterial}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.171}, author = {Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Nur Saidatul Aqilah Ja{\textquoteright}afar} } @article {1609, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {890-895}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {890}, abstract = {

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common degenerative disorders. For therapeutic use, herbs are commonly used in Indonesia for T2DM treatment, one of them is (Cosmos caudatus) kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves. In previous studies, kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves have high antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. However, a comparison of antidiabetic activity from many extracts of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave is remain unclear. This study will compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of various kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave extract. Kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves are extracted by maceration methods for three days using three different solvents: boiling water, 50\% ethanol, dan ethanol 100\%. Then, phenolic and flavonoid content will be measured, as well as antioxidant properties by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and antidiabetic properties by α-glucosidase inhibition assay, also LCMS/MS will be used to predict the compound from each extract. The result shows that 50\% ethanol extract has highest phenolic and flavonoid content than others. It also has significantly higher antioxidant (p\<0.05) and antidiabetic (p\<0.05) properties than others. Meanwhile, LCMS/MS result of 50\% ethanol extract predicts 6 chemical component, that quercetin is the most dominant compound. 50\% ethanol extract of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves is superior from other extracts on phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.114}, author = {Muhamad Dea Firdaus and Nina Artanti and Muhammad Hanafi and Rosmalena} } @article {1385, title = {Phytochemical Profiling and Chemical Marker Compounds Identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A Chemometrics and 2D Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {486-494}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright}-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Objectives: Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. Methods: A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. Results and Discussions: A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R2 = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R2 = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.

}, keywords = {Chemical markers, Chemometrics, GCxGC-TOF-MS, Helichrysum caespititium, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.61}, author = {Kokoette Bassey and Patience Mamabolo and Mmamosheledi Mothibe and Freddy Muganza} } @article {1351, title = {Phytochemical Profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotection Linked Enzyme Inhibitory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {196-205}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. Methods: By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect. Results: Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82{\textpm}0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03{\textpm}0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC50 of 15.21{\textpm}0.31 and 11.36{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50=17.46{\textpm}0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=31.05{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC50=24.60{\textpm}0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Conclusion: Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant, Butyrylcholinesterase, Hemidesmus indicus, Monoamine oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.28}, author = {Swati Som and Justin Antony and Palanisamy Dhanabal and Sivasankaran Ponnusankar} } @article {1653, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Organic Extracts from Cleoserrata serrata (Jacq.) Iltis.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1225-1241}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Cleoserrata serrata is used in Mexican-south traditional medicine to treat chicleros ulcer. The phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory effect from four extracts obtained by maceration proccess and of the primary fractions from two extracts are described. In addition, the antioxidant, leishmanicidal and antimycobaterial activities and LD50 from active extracts are reported. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in TPA and carrageenan assays. Ethyl palmitate and γ-sitosterol were detected in Hexanic and CH2Cl2 extracts. Same compounds and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one, palmitic acid, phytol acetate and phytol were detected in primary fractions from CH2Cl2:EtOH extract. In this and in MeOH extracts a polyphenolmixture was obtained. The MeOH extract was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and kaempferol, quercetin and scopoletin were detected in organic-phase. Polyphenol-mixture and organic-phase (IC50=3730 and 2338 μg/mL) showed moderate antioxidant activity; meanwhile MeOH extract exhibited scarce activity. In carrageenan model, Hexanic extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50=131.46 and 64.89 mg/ kg, respectively. Three extracts were active but not-dose-dependent. In TPA-model, CH2Cl2 extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50 \<0.79 mg/ear, and three extracts were active, however the effect was not-dose-dependent. CH2Cl2:EtOH showed antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activities. The LD50 was \>2 g/kg for all extracts.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Antimycobacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cleoserrata serrata, DL50, Leishmanicidal activity, Organic extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.156}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Ju{\'a}rez-V{\'a}zquez and Alejandro Zamilpa A and Rosalba Le{\'o}n-D{\'\i}az and Mariano Mart{\'\i}nez-V{\'a}zquez and Adolfo L{\'o}pez-Torres and Julieta Luna-Herrera and Lilian Y{\'e}pez-Mulia and Francisco Alarc{\'o}n-Aguilar and Mar{\'\i}a Adelina Jim{\'e}nez-Arellanes} } @article {1330, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Seedling Extracts from Inca Peanut Plukenetia volubilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {52-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. Objectives: The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. Methods: The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50\% ethanolic (HESS), and 95\% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809{\textpm}0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839{\textpm}1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.016{\textpm}0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.044{\textpm}0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007{\textpm} 0.001 (IC50=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065{\textpm} 0.0505 (IC50=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960{\textpm} 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). Conclusion: the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Inca peanut seedling, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening, Plukenetia Volubilis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.8}, author = {Darunee Puangpronpitag and Puangpaka Tankitjanon and Adisak Sumalee and Ampa Konsue} } @article {1419, title = {Phytochemicals A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Control Oral Biofilm}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {730-736}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Humans and micro-organisms have co-evolved having a synergetic relationship with their resident microbiome. The mouth features a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as functionally and structurally organized biofilms. The oral biofilms are accountable for causing a wide range of chronic diseases and owing to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria it has really become tough to treat with efficacy. Operative control of oral biofilm and the resulting infectious diseases epitomizes a significant universal challenge. For this kind of therapeutics, natural herbal products are perfect candidates because of their unique properties. The current review presents a novel approach to control and eradicate oral biofilm by the phytochemicals. Research on phytochemicals is zealously focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and also on the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

}, keywords = {Dental plaque, Medicinal herbs, Microbial resistance, Oral biofilm, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts, Quorum sensing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.93}, author = {Mruthunjaya Kenganora and Sushma Rudraswamy and Jai Shankar Puttabuddi Hombarvalli and Nagabhushana Doggalli} } @article {1619, title = {Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation of Origanum vulgare (L.) Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {965-970}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {965}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of Origanum vulgare (L.) ethanolic extract. The phytochemical test was assessed using the Clule method in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. In vivo test was conducted to evaluate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood plasma during maximum physical activity treatment. In vivo test was done using 25 male Sprague Dawley rats in pre and post-test control group design. The phytochemical test of O. vulgare ethanol extract was showed some compounds, such as a flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, essential oil, and tannin, then in ethyl acetate and hexane. In vitro assay showed that O. vulgare extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 133.47 μg/mL. While in the in vivo test, the most effective dosage is 20 mg/200 gr B.W., represented by a significant decrease of MDA level (0.509 nmol/mL) before and after treatment. So, the ethanolic extract of clove has potency as an herbal antioxidant because of the low level of IC50 and can decrease the MDA level.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde, Origanum vulgare (L.), Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.124}, author = {Rosmalena and Putu Ayu Widyastuti and Fatmawaty Yazid and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1381, title = {Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {450-455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450-}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85\%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Falcataria moluccana, GC/MS, Methanolic extract, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.57}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha and Endah Sulistyawati} } @article {1705, title = {Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1688-1693}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1688}, abstract = {

Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache.\ Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Daphne gnidium, Lysosmal activity, Nitric oxide production.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.217}, author = {Amira Horchani and Fadwa Chaabane and Mahassen Barboura and Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich and Aimen Abbassi and Amine Trabelsi and Leila Chekir-Ghedira} } @article {1694, title = {Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Boehmeria Genus: An Update Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1533-1541}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1533}, abstract = {

Introduction: Boehmeria is a genus that has the potential to be natural medicine and also has benefit in industry. This genus consists of 82 plants that includes numerous species, subspecies, and varieties. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Boehmeria genus based on research studies. Methods: The reference articles have DOI and were obtained through database from such as Science Direct and PubMed website to ensure their validity and reliable contents. This literature study was made by using minimum 50 literatures from the last 10 years. Results: There are 16 species of Boehmeria genus confirmed to have chemical compounds, and 9 species of which reported to exhibit pharmacological activity in the form of extracts and single compound isolates. Conclusion: Based on this study, it was known that some Boehmeria species contained abundance of Boehmeriasin A, boehmeriasin B, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, (Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12 octadecenoic acid, catechin, β-sitosterol, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, naringin and hesperidin. Boehmeria genus had various activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hepatitis B.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Biological activities, Boehmeria, Boehmeriasin, Chemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.195}, author = {Muhammad Ikhlas Arsul and Muhamad Insanu and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {1380, title = {Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

}, keywords = {Dextran sodium sulphate, Inflamation, Ki- 67, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.56}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo and Alfred Pakpahan} } @article {1647, title = {The Potential Interaction of Ethionamide-Thyroid Hormone Receptor Induces Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common side effect found in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis taking ethionamide. The mechanism of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism is potentially caused by the structure of ethionamide compounds chemically similar to thioamide, such as propylthiouracil (C7H8N2S), which inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. However, hypothyroidism is caused not only by a lack of production but also by signaling alteration. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate their target genes. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs. Objective: In the present study, we want to elaborate on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs which might alter the thyroid hormone genomic regulation. Methods: Molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the potential interaction between ethionamide with TRα and TRβ. Results: The molecular docking results on TRα showed more than one hydrogen bond{\textendash}steric interaction formed from the ethionamide{\textendash}amino acid residue interaction. Ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction showed more than one steric interaction, but the hydrogen bonds are not visualized. The docking score between ethionamide and TRα is -7.373 kcal/ mol and higher than its interaction with TRβ. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethionamide can interact with TRα and TRβ. However, the ethionamide{\textendash}TRα interaction is stronger than ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction. Our study reports a novel mechanism of action of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism.

}, keywords = {Ethionamide, Hypothyroidism, Molecular docking, TRα, TRβ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.150}, author = {Ronny Lesmana and Firyali Rahmani Shidqi and Hanna Goenawan and Iwan Setiawan and Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Farida Suhud and Nasrul Wathoni} } @article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1725, title = {Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Intranasal Administration of Polyphenols-based Cinnamon Bark Extract in Laboratory Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1621-1631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1621}, abstract = {

Background: Polyphenols-based standardized cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark extract (IND02) demonstrated efficacy against allergic rhinitis in animal models and human clinical study. Objectives: To assess the acute and subacute intranasal toxicity of the IND02 nasal solution (IND02-NS). Methods: Acute and 28-days subacute toxicity using the intranasal route of administration of IND02-NS was evaluated using Wistar rats as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. For acute intranasal toxicity study, a single dose of 100 μg/rat/day was administered in five male and female rats and observed for the incidence of mortality and signs of toxicity for 14 days. For a 28-days subacute intranasal toxicity study, doses of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day were administered to a group of five male and female rats. Results: The IND02-NS did not show mortality or treatment-related adverse signs during acute (limit dose of 100 μg/rat/day) and subacute intranasal (28-days repeated dose of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day with 14 days of reversal period) administration. The IND02-NS showed a maximum tolerated dose greater than 100 μg/rat during the acute intranasal toxicity study. The no-observed adverse effect level of IND02-NS was 100 μg/rat/day in rats during the subacute intranasal toxicity study. Conclusion: IND02-NS was found safe at 100 μg/rat/day during acute and subacute (28 days repeated dose) for nasal administration in rats.

}, keywords = {Intranasal toxicity, Maximum tolerated dose, Noobserved- adverse-effect level., Polyphenols, Standardized cinnamon bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.209}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande} } @article {1335, title = {Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8\%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p\>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p\<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

}, keywords = {antihypertension, Blood pressure, High-NaCl diet, Stingless bee propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.13}, author = {Ade Heri Mulyati and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mohamad Rafi and Al Mukhlas Fikri} } @article {1408, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {648-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {648}, abstract = {

Background: Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren{\textquoteright}t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. Objective: To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography {\textendash} Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums \& mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins \& amino acids, fats \& fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusions: To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Macroscopical, Phytochemical, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.83}, author = {Shalini K and Ilango K} } @article {1683, title = {Preparation of Euyrycoma Longifolia Jack (E.L) Tongkat Ali (Ta) Root Extract Hydrogel for Wound Application}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1456-1463}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1456}, abstract = {

Background: It is undeniable that a lot of patients worldwide suffer from different types of wounds. The complex process of wound healing has a severe effect on the life quality of patients as well as causing an economic load on healthcare institutions. Although the availability of various therapies for managing patients with acute and chronic wounds for the past decade, these therapies are usually expensive and accompanied by undesirable side effects. Hence, the discovery of a new arsenal for wound healing remains a hot topic of research. Recently, plants and their by-products have garnered remarkable attention as a source of therapeutic agents to treat wounds. This is because medicinal plants provide a rich reservoir of phytochemicals that could potentially become affordable and effective therapeutic agents. Eurycoma longifolia Jack or Tongkat Ali (TA), is one of the well-known traditional plants of Malaysia, it has been scientifically proven to have medicinal properties. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that can imbibe a significant number of fluids. In comparison to other systems developed for herbal medicines delivery, a unique power possessed by hydrogels is the high-water absorption ability. This ability has favoured the loading of herbal formulations, which are in general hydrophilic in nature, into hydrogels. Objective: The aim of this study is to prepare Eurycoma longifolia Jack (E.l.J) Tongkat Ali (TA) roots hydrogel for wound application. Methods: Authentication of Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots was done by microscopic examination using methylene blue and Lugol{\textquoteright}s iodine solution. Root extraction by Soxhlet technique. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanol extract of the roots was evaluated in human primary gingival fibroblasts cells. The ethanolic extract was loaded into hydrogel as a suitable dosage form for further wound healing studies. Results: The crude herbal drug sample, TA present the same microscopical characters to that of E. longifolia Jack tap root. Ic50 was 118.5 μg/mL. The hydrogel was prepared using 2\% xanthan gum and ethanol extract of TA was loaded successfully for its later application as a wound healing agent.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Hydrogel, Microscopic examination}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.185}, author = {Maryam Riyadh Yaseen and Ghasak G Faisal and Azliana Abd Fuaat and Khairunisa Ahmad Affandi and Batoul Alallam and Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir} } @article {1366, title = {Production of Secondary Metabolites and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity During the Growth Period of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gall Rust Sengon Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {325-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Introduction: In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds. Methods: The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Results: The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12th was stationary growth and day 15-21th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15th\ and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12th.

}, keywords = {Antibacteri, Antioxidant, Endophytic fungi, Gall rust, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.42}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and Noor Rahmawati and Sopandi Sunarya} } @article {1680, title = {Prognostic Factors in Predicting Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage Patients: An Experience in Indonesia{\textquoteright}s Rural Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1445-1449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1445}, abstract = {

Background: Primary brainstem hemorrhage is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke with a very high reported mortality rate in Indonesia. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate the mortality rate of cases in one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rural hospitals. To help reduce the mortality rate, the prognostic factors of several cases were studied. These steps are needed to be able to predict the prognosis of primary brainstem hemorrhage patients and to give a better explanation to the family of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with collecting medical and radiological records from January 2018 to August 2020. A total sampling technique was done, and 340 patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke during that period. Only ten patients met the inclusion criteria and were included as the study samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS 22 and the Spearman correlation test adjusted for each variable. Results: Low prevalence of primary brainstem hemorrhage (7\%). There were correlation between GCS score, brainstem hemorrhage location, and length of stay with the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis. Conclusion: Understanding these prognostic factors would reduce the prevalence of this primary brainstem hemorrhage and to ease the process of explaining the patients{\textquoteright} condition to the family.

}, keywords = {Brainstem, Factor, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Primary, Prognosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.183}, author = {Namira Khairunnisa and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Tashya Anggraeni Sinaga and Rahmah Hida Nurrizka} } @article {1677, title = {Protective effect of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrininduced reprotoxicity in male Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1413-1421}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1413}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Cypermethrin, Histology, Rats, Salvia officinalis, Spermatozoa, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.179}, author = {Amel CHOUABIA and Samir DJEMLI and Cherif ABDENNOUR and Leila MALLEM and Labiba KAHALERRAS and Fatma Zohra ARKOUB and Narimene BOUABDALLAH and Abdelkrim TAHRAOUI} } @article {1696, title = {Protective Potential of Canthium dicoccum Methanolic Extract Against Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1648-1655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1648}, abstract = {

The methanolic extract of leaves of C.dicoccum was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity since it is reported to cause oxidative stress in the animal thereby altering the enzymatic levels. Fresh leaves were collected, shade dried and extract was prepared by cold maceration followed by drying in a rota-vapour using methanol to obtain MECD as a sticky semi-solid mass. Thirty rats were taken and divided into 5 equal groups where, Group I, II, and III served as Normal Control, Negative control (PCM 3g/kg), and Positive control (Silymarin 200mg/kg) respectively; whereas, Group IV and V served as test groups where the rats were pre-treated orally with MECD 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for six days before administering PCM. On the 8th day all groups except Group I was administered with PCM (3g/kg). 48 hours post PCM induction, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained via retro-orbital sinus plexus and then the rats were sacrificed. The serum was assessed for the evaluation parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Apart from these; SOD, CAT, and MDA levels were also evaluated and it was concluded that treatment with MECD restored the levels to normal thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective activity. Moreover, histopathological evaluation was carried out to assess the liver for inflammation, infiltration, or necrosis where the MECD treated rats showed promising results.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Canthium dicoccum, Hepatoprotective activity, Liver markers, Paracetamol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.212}, author = {Ravi Kumar Vakkalagadda and Parameshwar Ravula and Kondapuram Parameshwar and Kaspa Saraswathi and P Sindhuri and Rajala Srikala and Kosika Sandeep} } @article {1378, title = {Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Vegetable Milk from Lotus Seeds (Nolumbo nucifera)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {427-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {427}, abstract = {

This study aims to proximate composition and antioxidant activities of vegetable milk from lotus seeds (Nolumbo nucifera). The research method in this study used a randomized block design with 3 levels of treatment with 3 repetitions, the treatments used were: A0 = 100\% soybean (Control), A1 = boiling temperature 80$^{0}$C, A2 = boiling temperature 90$^{0}$C, A3 = boiling temperature 100$^{0}$C, B1 = boiling time 10 min, B2 = boiling time 30 min and B3 = boiling time 50 min. The test parameters carried out were proximate composition (water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) and antioxidant activiy. The results showed the ash content of the lotus seed until the boiling time of 90 min increased, but when the temperature was increased to 100$^{0}$C, the ash content decreased. The fat content of lotus seed milk decreased with increasing boiling time. The protein of vegetable milk from lotus seeds tend to increase with the duration of boiling. The result showed the soy milk has the highest activity (control). For lotus seed milk, the highest activity was in lotus seed milk with boiling temperature treatment of 80$^{0}$C and boiling time for 10 min.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lotus seeds, Nolumbo nucifera, Proximate, Vegetable Milk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.54}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Rinto and Muhammad Hendri and Sabri Sudirman and Jeny Pusphyta Buana} } @article {1207, title = {Paronychia argentea: A Critical Comprehensive Review on its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1172-1179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Background: Paronychia argentea has been used since long as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, kidney stones, anti-microbial and many other human diseases. However, the plant has not been explored much. In the present scenario of drug resistance and toxicity associated with available drugs, there is a need for elaborated studies of plants like Paronychia argeneta which had been used as folk medicines. Aim and Objectives: The present article is focused on reviewing the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional usage, biological activities, of Paronychia argentea which has been used in traditional medicinal system for ages. The aim of the study was to assess the ethnopharmacological usage of this plant and to explore therapeutic potentials and future opportunities for research. Materials and Methods: Information on the traditional usage and studies of the Paronychia argentea was gathered from from various journals, MSc dissertation, conference abstract, local books. Various search engines including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE were used to collect the information along with libraries. Results: Paronychia argentea has played an important role in traditional medicines in Algeria, Portugal, Israel and Jordan. The aerial parts of this plant are used as diuretics in Algerian traditional medicines and are used as antiurolithiasis. Leaf decoction of this plant is also used as diuretic. Paronychia argentea has been used as analgesic, treatment of stomach ulcer, anorexia, and flatulence in Portugal. Scientific studies on extracts of Paronychia revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant, nephroprotective activity. Moreover, few reports have given contradictory data for usage of Paronychia when compared with its traditional usage. As in the case of alpha-amylase inhibitory efficacy of PA, it was observed that PA inhibits alpha-amylase activity but later on it was proven that PA does not have a hypoglycemic effect. Main bioactive metabolites present in this plant include alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. Conclusions: Based on this review, there are evidences from various studies regarding pharmacological effects of this plant as nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity. Some indications from in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory activity of this plant extract against alpha amylase enzyme. The available literature showed that most of the activities of the Paronychia can be accredited to the flavonoids present in them. Data regarding mechanisms of action of this plant along with pharmacokinetics, toxicology studies is still limited, which indicate the need of such studies for the clinical usage of this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioactivity, Herbal medicine, Nephroprotective, Oxidative stress, Paronychia argentea, Therapeutic value, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.165}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1299, title = {A Perspective Overview on Hygrophila auriculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1748-1752}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1748}, abstract = {

Hygrophila auriculata, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is a promising medicinal plant with great economic potential. The medicinal value of H. auriculata has been appreciated in the ancient medical literature. The plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic, and for its health-promoting properties. The plant is cultivated throughout India. However, systematic information on the different aspects of this species is not available. In this review, an attempt has been made to present this information.

}, keywords = {Hygrophila auriculata, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.237}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and N Harikrishnan and N Srinivasan and P Pandian and BA Tanisha and M Tharun Kumar and V Lokesh and N Yuvashri and S Supriya} } @article {1210, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of the bark of Grewia tiliifolia Vahl.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {967-976}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {967}, abstract = {

Introduction: Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. is an important ethnomedicinal tree widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas and has been used as a source of herbal shampoo by the local communities in many places of Kerala, India. It has been routinely used in the traditional Ayurvedic medicines against cough, ulcers, cancer, skin diseases, pruritus, wounds and urinary infections. Objective: The aim of this study was the pharmacognostical standardisation of G. tiliifolia. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation of G.tiliifolia bark was carried out by usual macroscopic and microscopic examinations and phytochemical screening. In addition, the quantification of major phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids were carried out by standard procedures which can further throw light on the medicinal use of this ethnobotanically important plant. Results: Anatomical studies revealed the presence of prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and druses in the stem and bark. Mucilage cavities were observed only in the stem. Histochemical studies revealed that the tissues of phloem parenchyma are the main localising region of various phytoconstituents. The physicochemical examinations along with the estimation of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids will help in setting the pharmacopoeial standards of G.tiliifolia. Conclusion: The present study provides useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs of G.tiliifoia.

}, keywords = {Grewia tiliifolia, Pharmacognostic studies, Physicochemical evaluation, Phytochemical screening, Quantification of phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.137}, author = {Jaya Kuruvilla and M Anilkumar} } @article {1143, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {541-550}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5\% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7\% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00{\textpm}0.035, 22.00{\textpm}0.036, 19.50{\textpm}0.024, 15.00{\textpm}0.032 and 13.00{\textpm}0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Psydrax horizontalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.82}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju and Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1208, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and in vitro Biological Evaluation of Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {952-961}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {952}, abstract = {

Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth of Acanthaceae family, commonly known as Hadsan in Marathi and Haridachchu in Kannada, is threatened species due to exploitation from natural habitat. Objectives: The objective of present study is to establish scientifically well evaluated pharmacognostic and biological efficacy parameters. Methods: Microscopical parameters of leaf, root and stem are evaluated. Powder microscopy, physicochemical analysis, elemental analysis, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of major phytoconstituents of whole herb powder are carried out. In vitro biological evaluation of Blepharisrepens carried out for antioxidant potential by DPPH method, in vitro anticancer activity by SRB assay and antimicrobial efficacy by both agar well diffusion and bioautography methods. Results: Morphologically, roots are cylindrical and elongated, leaf has symmetric base, entire margin, acute apex while stem is cylindrical, elongated. Microscopic evaluation reveals that both leaf and stem are covered with trichomes. Leaf has unicellular uniseriate trichomes while stem has multi-cellular uniseriate covering trichomes. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash values 13.85 7.7 and 3.1\% respectively. Petroleum ether, alcohol and water extractive values found 0.84\%, 1.64\%, and 3.52\% respectively. Loss on drying value is found 3.43\%. Element analysis of whole herb confirms presence of nitrogen, sulphate and carbonate. Fluorescence tests are performed by treatment with different acids and alkalis and exposure to ultraviolet light. Phytochemical screening shows presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Estimation of phytochemicals like carbohydrate, alkaloid, tannin and flavonoid found 5.78\%, 1.43\%, 5.7\% and 1.48\% respectively. Biological evaluation reveals that plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity while plant is devoid of in-vitro anticancer activity against human leukemia cell line HL-60.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioautography, Blepharisrepens, HL-60}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.135}, author = {Sharada L Deore and Poonam B Bhansali and Bhushan A Baviskar} } @article {1201, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Ageratum conyzoides L Plant and Simplicia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1072-1076}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. is known as billy goat weed, including the family Asteraceae. This plant has been used empirically as a medicine for diarrhea, scratches, antinflammatory, snakebite, insecticide and nemasiticide. This study aims to identify plants based on pharmacognitive profiles including macroscopy, microscopy and non-parametric characters from plant parts of Ageratum conyzoides to determine the standardization of herbs. The results showed that the leaves were ovoid, pale green, soft hairy and purple, bluish or white flowers flowers. Microscopic observations of cross section of stem and leaf showed the presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and multicellular non-glandular trichomes, upper and lower epidermal cells, stomata in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. The highest value of water content was in the radix. The highest value of ash content was in the stem. The highest value of acid soluble ash content was in the radix. The highest value of water-soluble extract was in the folium. The highest value of ethanol-soluble extract was in the flower. The results of this study can be used as authentication of plant parts and a basis for the analysis of the standard pharmacopoeia A. conyzoides.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.151}, author = {Warsinah and Hanif Nasiatul Baroroh} } @article {1144, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key

}, keywords = {Ash values, Extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, TLC, Vitex negundo (VN)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.83 }, author = {Kiran Sharma and Manish Yadav and Kavita Attri} } @article {1159, title = {Pharmacognostical Investigations of Hedysarum Caucasicum Bieb. (Fabaceae) - An Ethnomedicinal Plant of Northern Caucasus, Russia, Determination of Mangiferin and Antibacterial Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {510-518 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {510 }, abstract = {

The main active component of members of the genus Hedysarum is xanthone C-glycoside - mangiferin which was found in the above-ground part of 17 species of Hedysarum. Mangiferin is contained in plants of the genus Hedysarum can serve as a chemotaxonomic marker of this genus, it has antiviral activity against DNA-containing viruses: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster, Cytomegaloviruses, also has immunostimulatory properties (stimulates cellular and humoral immunity). We have prepared the morphological and anatomical studying, phytochemical research availability of tannines, flavonoids, xanthones, the free organic acids, the sugars and amino acids among which in the significant amount glutamic acid, aspartic acid and an arginine collect is established. The maintenance of the sum of xanthones made 7.12\%. As a result of a research of amino-acid structure of a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. presence at the significant amount of glutamic acid (13.58 g/kg), aspartic acid (13.61 g/kg), an arginine (14.99 g/kg) is revealed. In a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. The quantitative maintenance of the sum of xanthones in terms of a specific indicator of a mangiferin is established. The technology of receiving a liquid extract by means of 80\% of ethanol is developed, standardization is carried out it. It is established that extract of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. shows the antimicrobial activity concerning Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis and B.anthracoides.

}, keywords = {Hedysarum, Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb., Mangiferin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.78 }, author = {Serebryanaya Fatima К and Imachueva Djavgarat R and Guseynova Ziyarat A} } @article {1170, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Strobilanthes kunthianus (Acanthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {731-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {731}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of various parts of Strobilanthes kunthianus. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluations of leaves, stem, root and flowers of S. kunthianus were investigated. The paraffin embedded specimens were sectioned with the help of Rotary Microtome. The thickness of the sections was 10-12 μm and dewaxing was done by customary procedure. The sections were stained with toluidine blue for microscopical analysis. The preliminary phytochemical study was carried out for various extracts of S. kunthianus using standard procedure. Results: In the pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies, in an attempt to standardize the leaves, stem and root of S. kunthianus have been shown that will be definitely useful to the future researchers for the identification of the plant. Conclusion: These studies offer referential evidence for accurate identification and standardization of S. kunthianus.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic standardization, Physico-chemical evaluation, Phytochemical analysis, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.106}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1317, title = {Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1653-1657}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1653}, abstract = {

It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20\%, 40\%, 60\% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.

}, keywords = {Anti dandruff, Anti lice, Datura metel, Ethnomedical use, Pharmacological screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.225}, author = {Sreedhar V and J Mastanaiah and B Chakrapani and D Venkata Narayana and B Nagendra Babu and M Sushma and C Usha Sree and N Krishna Sree} } @article {1125, title = {Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.

}, keywords = {Fructosans, HPLC-RID, Inulin quantitative determination, Polyfructans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.64}, author = {Bokov DO and Karabeshkin DI and Samylina IA and Potanina OG and Krasnyuk II and Malinkin AD and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu and Bobkova NV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Evgrafov AA and Galiakhmetova EK and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1214, title = {Phenolic Compounds and Immunomodulating Activity of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1104-1107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1104}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research aims to determine the immunomodulating activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herb extract and to evaluate the prospects of development of the medicine based on it. Methods: Object of the research was dry chicory extract obtained from herb (aerial part) of a wild plant. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by HPLC-MS method. Its immunomodulating action has been explored in vivo experiments involving intact animals, as well as immunosuppressed animals, treated with azathioprine cytostatic agent. Chicory extract was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg per os 1 time per day for 14 days. As a reference drug, Immunal (Lec Pharma, Slovenia) was used. Chicory extract action on the state of cell immune component was evaluated in delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The humoral immunity condition was evaluated by the count of antibody-forming cells determined by the local hemolysis method. The state of the macrophage component of the immune response was evaluated in the phagocytosis reaction of peritoneal macrophages in relation to colloid liquid ink particles. Results: Dry chicory extract is capable to reduce the suppressive azathioprine effect on the cell-mediated immune response, antibody response, and phagocytosis with macrophages; it does not change the immunity indicators in intact animals. Conclusion: Dry chicory extract contains phenolic complex of biologically active substances, namely oxycoumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. Dry chicory extract is an effective immunocorrecting agent; it should be recommended for further study and application aiming for the prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency states.

}, keywords = {Chicory herb, Dry extract, Immunomodulating activity, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.156}, author = {Saybel OL and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM and Khobrakova VB} } @article {1120, title = {Phenolic Compounds from Caesalpinia sappan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {410-414}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Introduction: Caesalpinia sappan L., a traditional ingredient of food and beverages in South East Asia, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the heartwood of C. sappan resulted in the isolation of sappanchalcone (1), caesalpiniaphenol G (2), and quercetin (3). Conclusion: Three phenolic compounds have been successfully isolated from C. sappan.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Caesalpinia sappan, Caesalpiniaceae, Homoisoflavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.63}, author = {Van Ba Nguyen and Binh Duong Vu and Gia Khanh Pham and Bach Quang Le and Van Chuyen Nguyen and Chu Van Men and Van Thu Nguyen} } @article {1315, title = {Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Heavy Metal and Microbiological Analysis of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1541-1546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1541}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera leaves is one of the highly patronized herbs on the Ghanaian market. It is used for the treatment and prevention of several diseases. It is imperative that available and effective methods can be utilized to assess the quality of samples before being consumed. Objective: A study of the leaves was conducted to ascertain its physicochemical, phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological content to develop a simple but acceptable criteria which could be useful in ensuring the quality of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: The qualitative and quantitative morphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical, microbial load and flouresent features of the leaves of M. oleifera were evaluated. Results: M. oleifera leaves were found to be glaborous with opposite leaflet, leaflet tripinnate, with a micronate apex and possessing an entire margin. Microscopy showed vein islets, rosette calcium oxalate crystals, polygonal epidermal cells and unicellular trichomes. The 50 \% ethanol soluble extractives of M. oleifera were highest, followed by the water and petroleum ether. Tannins, alkaloids, gylcosides, phenols, flavonoids, phenols, gums, and mucilage were present. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic features may be used as part of daily protocols to correctly identify and determine the quality of the the crude plant. The preliminary phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological limits can be further used to ascertain the quality of raw materials of M. oleifera before they are used.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence, Heavy metal, Microbiological, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.211}, author = {Emelia Oppong Bekoe and Yakubu Jibira and Gladys Amponsah Agyei} } @article {1062, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {95-102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Akata-ike{\textquotedblright} in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3\% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p\<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Alloxan monohydrate, Diabetes, Extraction, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.15}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1288, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1698-1704}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1698}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96\% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 {\textpm} 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 {\textpm} 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antihyperuricemic, Moringa oleifera, Quercetin, Total flavonoids, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.229}, author = {Nurlina Ibrahim and Siti Nuryanti and Asriani Hasanuddin and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1303-1310}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77\%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.179}, author = {Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Mohamed Khalith SB and Darul Raiyaan GI and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1262, title = {Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1421-1428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1421}, abstract = {

Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ephorbiaceae, Flavonoids, Synadenium grantii, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.196}, author = {Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Sahar Abdelaziz and Hany Gouda Attia and Hanan AA Taie and Rafik Monir} } @article {1091, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of Marine Algal Sargassum polycystum for Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {88-94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sargassum polycystum is one of marine algal which has a potent antioxidant anticancer activities. This research aims to investigate phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of marine algal Sargassum polycystum on cervical HeLa cancer. Methods: Sargassum polycystum collected from Dompu beach, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia, were extracted into organic solvent of n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol, respectively. Subsequently, Sargassum polycystum extracts were applied for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, phytochemistry test, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, as well as for antioxidant activity test by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on HeLa cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of S. polycystum extracts are positive for metabolites of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and glycoside. TLC analysis revealed that S. polycystum extracts containing four phytochemical components. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum showed the highest total phenolic content, and exhibited greater antioxidant activity than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in ethylacetate extract are 548.61 μg/mL and 40.06 μg /mL, respectively. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum with IC50 value of 298.3 μg/mL is assigned to have a weak antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical. The results indicate that antioxidant activity of ethylacetate extracts of S. polycystum is directly correlated with its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Moreover, S. polycystum extracts demonstrated a strong anticancer activity on cervical HeLa cells with IC50 ranging from 38.3 μg/mL to 112.8 μg/mL. Conclusion: This work confirmed that S.polycystum are promising natural antioxidant and anti-cervical cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, phytochemisty, Sargassum polycystum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.14}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Anton Bahtiar and Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra and Norma Nur Azizah and Wilzar Fachri and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin and Hiroki Tanimoto and Kiyomi Kakiuchi} } @article {1117, title = {Phytochemical Compounds in Arundo donax L. Rhizome and Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {287-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aerial part of Arundo donax L., giant reed, is a well-known fuel source used in many countries. Methods: Phytochemical compounds in A. donax L. rhizome, sequentially extracted with hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol (MeOH), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activities of the rhizome extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion assay against yeast (Candida albicans), and bacteria Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC25922). Results: The detected phytochemicals were screened against WILEY07 library; 84 compounds matched with a similarity >= 90\%. All the characterized compounds were grouped based on their functional group. The major phytochemicals in the HEX, DCM, and EA extracts belonged to sterol groups, while lipids, fatty acids, and related conjugates were the main components of the methanolic extract. The other characterized compounds were hydrocarbons, phenolics, terpenoids, xanthones, and xanthene. Growth of B. subtilis was inhibited by the HEX, DCM, EA, and MeOH extracts, whereas B. cereus growth was inhibited only by the DCM and EA extracts. However, growth of E. coli and C. albicans could be not inhibited by A. donax L. rhizome extracts. Analysis of the compounds as well as their antibacterial activities via hierarchical clustering showed that hexadecanoic acid is the major compound influencing B. subtilis growth, while, B. cereus growth was affected by xanthone. Conclusions: Rhizomes of A. donax L. is one potential source of antimicrobial agents and further applied in medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, GC-MS, Giant reed, HCA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.45}, author = {Kanoktip Pansuksan and Sophida Sukprasert and Netiya Karaket} } @article {1116, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Cell Line Study of Marine Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii on Lung A-549 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {276-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this century, cancer has increased in incidence and become one of the deadliest disease in the world. However, to date, lung cancer treatments are still not fully effective, quite expensive and very exhaustive for the patient. Eucheuma cottonii is an abundant marine red macroalgae in Indonesia which have a potential anti-lung cancer properties. Aim of this research is to determine phytochemical profile of Eucheuma cottonii extracts, as well as to evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells. Methods: Eucheuma cottonii obtained from Sorong beach, West Papua Province, Indonesia, were extracted with three different solvents, that is ethanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. These three Eucheuma cottonii extracts were identified for its phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and cytotoxic activity on lung A-549 cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that Eucheuma cottonii contains metabolites of triterpenoid and alkaloid. Antioxidant activity evaluation showed ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii has IC50 value of 559.76 μg/mL against DPPH free radical. Whereas cytotoxicity evaluation showed that ethanol extract and ethylacetate extract of Eucheuma cottonii have cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells, with IC50 value of 251.73 μg/ mL and 261.41 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggesting that Eucheuma cottonii extract could be further developed as a natural anti-lung cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cell line study, Eucheuma cottonii, Lung A-549 cells, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.43}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Gerry Kurniawan and Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Fona Qorina and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Norma Nur Azizah and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruits of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. e.g. Pear. (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1042-1049}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the fruits (pulp and seeds) of Boscia senegalensis from the Ferlo zone in Northern Senegal. Material and Methods: Fruit collection of Boscia senegalensis was carried out in three Ferlo{\textquoteright}s localities: Tess{\'e}k{\'e}r{\'e}, Labgar and Ran{\'e}rou. The sample consists of 36 individuals selected randomly from each locality. The major chemical groups were determined by conventional methods using specific general reagents. The determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion: The results of the photochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and polyphenols in both parts of the fruit (pulp and seeds). Assays carried out on extracts of pulp and seed powders reveals higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the pulp. The study of antioxidant activity has shown that hydro-ethanol extracts of pulp and seeds have a very interesting reducing activity, particularly in the pulp. However, we can see a weak antiradical activity of these extracts. The origin effect has a weak influence on the antiradical and reducing activity of the pulp and seed extracts. Conclusions: The biological activity of the harvested Boscia senegalensis extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies. This fruit should be consumed in order to prevent few dietary imbalances or valorized in order to develop new bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boscia senegalensis, Fruits, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.147}, author = {Awa KA and Kady Diatta Badji and Moustapha Bassimb{\'e} Sagna and Aliou Guiss{\'e} and Emmanuel Bass{\`e}ne} } @article {1261, title = {Phytochemical Screening and in vivo Immunosuppressive, Antioxidant and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Zea mays Silk Aqueous Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1412-1420}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1412}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in traditional medicine goes back to antiquity and still represents an essential part of the Moroccan health care system due to their effectiveness. Although Zea mays (ZM) silks are considered as waste products, they are consumed for their medicinal properties. They are rich in bioactive components, giving them a wide range of uses as remedies. The aim of this study was to evaluate after a phytochemical screening, the effect of ZM silk aqueous extract on humoral immune response, on Neutrophil bactericidal, antioxidants and hemolytic activities. Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH. Hemagglutination titer assay was used to evaluate the effect on humoral immunity. Hemolytic effect of ZM was evaluated by quantifying hemoglobin rates. The effect on Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed using MTT colorimetric assay. Results: The extract exhibited high quantity of saponins and flavones; a high antioxidant activity (IC50: 247,15 vs. control 0,152 mg/ml), a significant (p\<0, 05) immunosuppressive effect in vivo on titer values of antibodies (80 times) as well as an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. A significant suppression of Neutrophil bactericidal activity of cells treated with 0, 5 and 1g/ml of ZM extract was observed. It also exhibited a significant dose-dependent anti-hemolytic activity with the lowest hemolytic activity was found with the lowest concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Our results indicate that aqueous extract of ZM silk possess antioxidant, anti-hemolytic activity as well as an immunosuppressive activity by decreasing humoral immune and Neutrophil bactericidal responses.

}, keywords = {Anti-hemolytic, Antioxidant, Inhibition of antibody production, Neutrophil bactericidal activity, Zea mays silk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.195}, author = {Bendiar Salma and El Faqer Othman and Chennaoui Sanaa and Benjelloun Naima and Mtairag El Mostafa and Oudghiri Mounia} } @article {1189, title = {Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {872-883}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu{\textquoteright}s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {ABTS assay, Anti-tyrosinase, DPPH assay, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.125}, author = {Apinya Rachkeeree and Kuttiga Kantadoung and Ratchadawan Puangpradub and Ratchuporn Suksathan} } @article {1307, title = {Phytoconstituents and Proximate Composition of Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp.: A Widely Used Anti High Blood Pressure Medicinal Food Plant in Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1534-1540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1534}, abstract = {

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.is a medicinal food plant widely used in the North East India. The herb is used as vegetable as well as medicine to control high blood pressure. Minerals and Proximate compositions in a food is vital for the proper growth and development of a healthy body and secondary metabolites included in diet act as a nutraceuticals thus help in fighting various health problems. The present study was carried out to discourse the Phytoconstituents, Proximate composition and Minerals of the nutraceutical herb, Clerodendrum colebrookianum. Methanol extract of sample was subjected to GCMS to profile the Phyoconstituents while Standard methods including AOAC was followed to study proximate and minerals of the sample under studied. Moisture content was 77.90\%, carbohydrate 4.28\%, 2.36\% crude protein, 4.21\% crude fibre and 0.35\% crude fat respectively. The minerals concentrations are 0.215mg of Fe/g, 0.105mg/g of Mn, 0.0425mg of Cu/g, 0.056mg Zn/g, 2.55mg of Mangnesium/g, 4.3mg of Na/g and 24.5mg of K per gram of sample. A total of eleven compounds are recorded to be useful for high blood pressure problem and as many as other twenty useful phytoconstutuents were recorded from the sample including antioxidant, anti-uric acid formation, anti-tumour, bioabiability of zinc etc. The present study advocates the traditional knowledge on the use of Clerodendrum colebrookianum as a remedy for high blood pressure problem.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Minerals, North East India, Nutraceutical Herb, Phytoconstituents, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.210}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {1241, title = {Phytotherapeutic Evidence Against Coronaviruses and Prospects for COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1252-1267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

The emergence of the novel β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent outbreak of COVID-19, is a global health challenge with no known treatment to date and has culminated in significant morbidity and mortality. This article highlights current understanding on SARSCoV- 2 based on the available scientific evidence on human coronavirus (HCoV) infections, which could offer novel insights and therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Specifically, the paper presents available phytotherapeutic evidence against pathogenic HCoVs with a view to identifying potent plant-derived antiviral agents that could be developed to aid the fight against coronaviruses and the current COVID-19. Evidently, elucidation of CoV integral proteins such as the spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, 3C-like cysteine protease and papain-like protease, as good targets for drug developments has lent credence to the use of medicinal plants or their metabolites as prophylaxis or treatment interventions in CoV infections and holds promising ground for SARS-CoV-2. While some promising phytocompounds are currently under clinical trials for COVID-19, increased research into plants and in-depth characterization of their metabolites could reveal more interesting results that would benefit humanity in its fight against emerging and re-emerging viral infections including the current COVID-19. Overall, given the current body of evidence on the potential development of phytotherapeutics for COVID-19, fears need to be allayed while clinical trials continue. Conclusively, the lockdown and other preventive measures which have been implemented in most parts of the world should be humanely exercised and supported to ensure compliance and safety of lives.

}, keywords = {Antivirals, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Drug target, Natural products, Plant metabolites, Plants, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.174}, author = {Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu and Christiana Eleojo Aruwa and Ismail Abiodun Abdulakeem and Abdulwakeel Ayokunnun Ajao and Saheed SABIU} } @article {1139, title = {Pimpinella Treatment on Reducing Apoptosis of Kidney Cells Following UVB Radiation in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {503-509 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {503}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pimpinella alpina Molk (PM) is a botanical antioxidant was able to inhibit apoptosis in various cells. Apoptosis is a leading cause of tubular atrophy and therefore chronic kidney disease. However, the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells remains unclear. Objective: aim of this study to elucidate the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells. Methods: In the post test only control group design, 35 male rats were grouped into 7 comprise: NC-G, samples were neither exposure to UVB nor PM treatment; NG-7 and NG-15, all samples were only exposure to UVB irradiation for 7 days; P10-7, P15-7, P10-15, P15-15 groups, samples were exposure to UVB for 7 days and treated with PM for 7 and 15 days respectively. Bax and Caspase3 expression were assessed by rt-PCR and IHC staining method. Results: Statistical analysis showed that RNA-Bax and RNA-caspase3, Bax and caspase3 protein expression in P15-7, P10-15 and P15-15 were lower significantly compared to those of NG-7, p\<0.05, and no significant difference compared to those of NC-G, p \> 0.05. Conclusion: PM treatment with 100 and 150 mg/day for seven and fifteen days were able to decrease Bax and Caspase3 expression in kidney cells following UVB irradiation. Even, the decreased in Bax and caspase3 expression were comparable to normal.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Bax, Caspase3, Kidney Cells, Pimpinella alpina Molk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.77 }, author = {Taufiqurrachman Nasihun and Eni Widayati} } @article {1081, title = {Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Research development has been carried out by exploring antimicrobial agents from herbal sources that can be further developed as anti-acne drugs. Some previous studies reported that bawang dayak has antibacterial properties. However, the study of bawang dayak as anti-acne in Indonesia was limited so that it becomes one of the reasons why this study should be developed. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bawang dayak ethanol extract and to determine the antibacterial activity of the chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract. Methods: The MIC value was determinate by measured initial absorbance and final absorbance of ten variations of concentration of extract using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction was performed using the disc diffusion technique, with five variations of concentration against P.acnes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus. Results: The decrease in absorbance value occurred at a concentration of 0.19\%, 1.56\% to 100\%, which means that at that concentration can inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity showed that both the chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract were active against all the tested bacteria, whose inhibition zones were in the range of 5.8 {\textpm} 0.9 - 23.6 {\textpm} 2.3 mm. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract showed better antibacterial activity than chloroform fraction of bawang dayak extract. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the concentration of 0.19\% is the MIC of bawang dayak extract against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by 20\% of ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Acne-causing bacteria, Antibacterial activity, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., Minimum inhibitory concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.9}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Syahrida Dian Ardhany} } @article {1071, title = {Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Backgound: Vernonia cinerea (VC) is a natural plant claimed to reduce cigarette smoking. Some pilot anti-smoking products with nicotine replacement, such as lozenges or gum, have been presented, but with some adverse effects. Thus, application of VC as a new-anti-smoking product is very challenging. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the active compounds; total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, and study antioxidant activity on scavenging 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrzayl (DPPH) radicals of extracts prepared by spray drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) techniques for pilot hard candy. Methods: Raw VC materials of mixed parts, i.e., the stem, flowers and leaves, were made to form extracts by FD and SD techniques. Then, extract from the SD technique was manufactured industrially into hard candy containing glucose syrup and refined glucose. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, nicotine, scavenging activity of extracts, VC hard candy and placebo candy were evaluated by folin-ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, ABTS cation decolorization and DPPH protocols. Results: Total phenolic compounds were significantly different between extracts, but total flavonoids and nicotine were slightly higher in SD extract. Antioxidant activity of both extracts on ABTS radicals was not significantly different, but the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on DPPH radicals was significantly higher in SD extract when compared to the FD extract. Finally, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, as well as scavenging activity could be detected in hard candy. Conclusion: VC can be used as an anti-smoking aid with nicotine replacement and anti-oxidant compounds in pilot hard candy.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Hard candy, Nicotine, Total flavonoids, Total phenolic compounds, Vernonia cinerea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.7}, author = {Rungtiwa Kanthain and Supawatchara Singhatong and Surapol Natakankitkul and Nathupakorn Dechsupa and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub} } @article {1255, title = {The Potential of Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) as α-glucosidase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1368-1376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3\% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11\% followed with EAE 49,7\%, HE 44,53\%, and acarbose as control 29,32\%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.189}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania} } @article {1218, title = {Potential Test of Nephropathy Sonchus arvensis L. Leaves on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1115-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1115}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolites compounds of the ethanol Sonchus arvensis\ L leaves extract, the effect of ethanol Sonchus arvensis L leaves extracts the levels of blood glucose and a histopathology picture male white rat induced by streptozotocin. This study used 30 males white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely the control of normal, negative control, positive control, doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW. Results of the study showed that the ethanol Sonchus arvensis L. leaves extracts contained compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins. Sonchus arvensis L ethanol extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in reducing blood glucose levels with an average value of decreasing blood glucose levels 101.6 mg / dL and has an effect on the regeneration of renal tubular cells with an effective dose is 300 mg / kg body weight with an average damage value of 0.28.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Leaf Sonchus arvensis L, Renal, Tubular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.158}, author = {Joni Tandi and I Nyoman Edi Sutrisna and Mentari Pratiwi and Tien Wahyu Handayani} } @article {1260, title = {Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {Research Article}, pages = {1402-1411}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1402}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2\%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2\% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00{\textpm}0.20\%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.

}, keywords = {Granule, Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, Prebiotic effect, Probiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.194}, author = {Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr and Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Bunleu Sungthong and Kritsanee Saramunee} } @article {1311, title = {Prevalence of Traditional Herbs and Supplements Use Among Hypertensive Patients in Om Elamad Health Center}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1612-1622}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1612}, abstract = {

Background: In recent years, hypertension has developed into a global health concern as the number of deaths from it has been on the increase across the world. Health provision in Jordan like other developing nations is poor compared to countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and US. However, concurrent use of conventional medication and the supplements and traditional herbs can impact on the treatment of hypertension. In this regards, it was significant to conduct this study to find out the prevalence of supplements and traditional herbs usage among hypertensive patients in Jordan so as to understand the associated factors and create awareness on the magnitude so that appropriate advice can be given to patients and thus improve health of populations. Material and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design in undertaking the research. A total of 208 hypertension patients aged 16 years and above were used as the sample. Purposive and convenient sampling was applied in the selection of the Om elamad health centre in Jordan because it has a population of the catchment Centre. Data analysis was carried out using various techniques SPSS version21and excel. Results: The key findings of the study were as follows: Hypertension was prevalent among the elderly, herbs had no effect on the blood pressure, conventional drugs were more potent in comparison to herbs and/or supplements. Combining antihypertensive drugs and herbs was found to be potent than taking antihypertensive drugs only(P-value=0.0050) in SBP, and (P-value=0.0001) in DPB. Influences on herbs use came from the patients{\textquoteright} families/relatives as they were found to be the most knowledgeable sources of medicinal herbs. Conclusion: From the study, it was deduced that the use of herbal medicines and supplements as well as antihypertensive drugs was prevalent among hypertensive patients in Jordan. Over half of the patients involved in this study were taking herbs to treat their blood pressure diseases (51. 4 \%). It was also deduced that a combined usage of herbal medicine and supplements with antihypertensive drugs was far more potent than using antihypertensive drugs only.

}, keywords = {Hypertensive, Om Elamad Health Center, Supplements, Traditional Herbs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.221}, author = {Dua Al-Hadid and Raad Jaber Musa and Ahmad Al-Talhuni and Jamal Alyoussef Alkrad} } @article {1103, title = {Properties of A Thiamine Binding Protein Purified from Mung Bean}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin which has been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The laboratory test against thiamine deficiency can be done by measuring thiamine levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to identify the stability and the binding activity characters of TBP. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to see the factors affecting the bond between TBP and thiamine. The MBTBP concentration of post-chromatographic affinity resulted from dilution of lyophilisate was stable for 30 days at -20{\textdegree}C and 3 days at 4{\textdegree}C. The optimal pH for binding MBTBP to thiamine was 7.5. Alkylation with iodoacetic acid decreased the binding capacity of TBP which suggested the presence of a{\textendash}SH or imidazol group in its active site. The importance of disulfide bridge was proven by decreasing of Thiamine binding capacity of TBP after β-mercaptoethanol treatment. This binding activity was also affected by oxidizing agents, but it was less affected by calcium ions and heavy metals.

}, keywords = {Binding capacity, Mung bean thiamine binding protein (MBTBP), Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.41}, author = {Dwirini Retno Gunarti and Megawati Kartika and Mohamad Sadikin} } @article {1106, title = {Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {246-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.

}, keywords = {20-hydroxyecdysone, Flavonoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Polyphenols, Spinach leaves, Spinacia oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.38}, author = {Bokov DO and Sidorova YuS and Mazo VK and Bessonov VV} } @article {1177, title = {Protection of Erythrocytes against Lipoperoxidation and Antiinflammatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Encelia canescens Lam Leaves in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {798-804}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Background: Encelia canescens Lam is a plant traditionally used in Peru for medicinal purposes, and is attributed antioxidant properties, indicating that it could be used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protection of erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of E. canescens leaves in mice. Materials and methods: Protection from lipoperoxidation was evaluated by inhibition of hemolysis and quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 200, 150, 100, 50 and 25 μg/mL E. canescens concentrations. The 1\% carrageenan-induced air pouch model was used for evaluated inflammation, where albumin, total proteins, MDA, number and leukocyte differentiation were determined in the exudate, and a histopathological evaluation was performed. The concentrations evaluated were 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of E. canescens Results: All the concentrations evaluated protected protected erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation (p\<0.05), being E.D. value 200 μg/mL. Regarding anti-inflammatory effect, the albumin, total proteins and MDA values of the treatment groups were lower than carrageenan 1\% group (p\<0.05), but, due to less leukocyte migration and presence of macrophages and the histopathological evaluation, the E.D value was 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of E. canescens leaves protect erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and have dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects maybe for presence of p-hydroxyacetophenone-derived, and these could be new safer anti-inflammatories.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammatory, Carrageenan, Encelia canescens Lam, Hemolysis, Lipoperoxidation, Malondialdehyde}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.114}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N and Rojas-Cardenas NF and Vásquez-Quispe AD and Chávez-Flores Juana E and Justil-Guerrero Hugo J and Parre{\~n}o-Tipian JM and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1211, title = {Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1180-1189}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Cardioprotective, Cardiotoxicity, Chemotherapy, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.166}, author = {Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Siew Hua Gan and Shankar Mani and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1156, title = {Protective Role of Ficus carica Extract Against Hepato-Testicular Side Effects and Genotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {645-656 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the protective effect of Ficus carica (common fig) leaves methanol extract against genotoxicity and testicular damage of cisplatin (CP) and identified some of its active ingredients. Methods: Seven main groups were investigated as follows: I. control negative, II. Control plant (600 mg/kg fig, orally), III, IV. Control positive (treated i.p with 10 and 15 mg/kg CP), V-VII. groups treated with fig (200, 400 and 600 mg/ kg) + Cisplatin (15 mg/kg). Results: Ficus carica alleviated the destructive effects of CP in the testis, liver and bone marrow due to the presence of high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also it has a normal effect in the tested parameters as compared with the control negative. Chromatographic investigation resulted in the identification of 6 compounds: Catechin, Luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Chlorogenic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. In bone marrow cisplatin induced significant percentage of chromosome abnormalities, micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and toxicity to cells. On the contrary the two tested doses of cisplatin had a normal effect on spermatocyte chromosomes (germ cells). The dose 15 mg/kg induced an overexpression of the liver genes NF-kB and iNOS as indicated by real-time PCR. Different forms of histopathological alterations and instigation of the expression of TNF-α gene in the testis were detected after CP treatment. Conclusion: Ficus carica is a promising candidate rich in many bioactive constituents and can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate their destructive effects.

}, keywords = {Bone marrow, Cisplatin, Fig, Liver, Protection, Spermatocytes, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.96 }, author = {Maha A Fahmy and Entesar E Hassan and Noha E Ibrahim and Emad M Hassan and Zeinab M Hassan and Enayat A Omara} } @article {1228, title = {Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antixidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1121-1134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit, which has proven antioxidant and inflammation activities in vitro. However, sweet-type is more available than sour-type. Therefore, developing a new product from sweet-type star fruit, and evaluating its effectiveness on antioxidants and inflammation have been very challenging. Objectives: The aims were to develop a prototype product from sweet-type star fruit and evaluate its effectiveness with or without walking exercise on participants with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The prototype product of sweet-type star fruit was prepared industrially by mixing with honey before nutrients such as L-ascorbic acid (Vit C) and total phenolic compound, and contaminants like chemicals, microbials and oxalic acid were evaluated. Effectiveness of this product on antioxidents, inflammation and physical function was evaluated in participants with stable COPD with and without walking exercise, and compared to walking exercise and control participants. Two spoons of the product (20 g) in sterile warm water (150 mL) were guided and consumed twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity at home for 30 min 3 days per week. Plasma Vit C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factoralpha (TNF-∝) and 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated before and after the 4-week study period. Results: The prototype product composed of star fruit juice with honey (1:1, v:v). Main nutrients were composed of ash (0.4 g), carbohydrate (74.59 g), lipid (2.88 g), protein (0.57 g) and 326.56 kcal of total energy, whereas Vit C and total phenolic compound were equivalent to 0.25 {\textpm} 0.11 mg and 144.89 {\textpm} 2.51 μg gallic acid equivalent in a 100 gram of product. The results of chemicals and microbials showed safety under food conditions. The results of study compared the ages of stable COPD participants between those of the controls (n=10, 69.20{\textpm}1.40 years), and those with star fruit juice and honey supplement (n=20, 71.25 {\textpm} 6.01 years), walking exercise (n=15, 60.60{\textpm}3.38 years), and supplement with walking exercise (n=15, 64.40{\textpm}1.63 years) and no statistical difference was shown in any parameters in the control group. Whereas, the plasma Vit C and TAC levels increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly, in the supplement consumption group, which was in contrast to the Vit C, MDA and TNF-∝ levels in the walking exercise group. However, the TAC level increased significantly when the walking exercise was completed. When the prototype product was applied to the walking exercise, the levels of Vit C and TAC increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly. Whereas, the supplement levels increased significantly in all of the groups, especially in the 6MWD. Conclusion: This study proposed that sweet-type star fruit can be prepared industrially by mixing with honey, and be developed as a new commercial product with antioxidant and inflammation activities for participants suffering with chronic lung disease.

}, keywords = {6MWD, Antioxidant, COPD, Oxidative stress, Star fruit product, TNF-∝}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.159}, author = {Yothin Pothasak and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surapol Natakankitkul and Supawatchara Singhatong} } @article {873, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Root of Careya arborea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {608-612}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {608}, abstract = {

Background: Careya arborea is known for its traditional medicinal properties and reported for potent antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Its stem bark, leaves and fruits were studied biologically, but so far its root has not been studied. Aim: The aim of the present study is to standardize the root of Careya arborea and its extracts pharmacognostically and also to screen its extracts for their antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi using standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Loss on drying, extractive and ash values, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis of the root and its extracts were studied using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by determining minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Among all the extracts, the successive ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active with lowest MIC values against L. acidophilius, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa and M. luteus. The successive chloroform extract was also found to be highly active against P. aeruginosa and fungi, M. furfur and C. albicans. Conclusion: The results are helpful in standardizing the root of the plant and since several of the root extracts possess antimicrobial properties, there is a need to isolate its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Careya arborea, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.97}, author = {Bandenawaz Ramadurga and Rakesh Kumar Jat and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1043, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Root and Stem of Indigofera Tirunelvelica Sanjappa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1580-1586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1580}, abstract = {

Background: The focus on herbal plants as medicine is increasing rapidly because of their efficacy and less side effects. The medicinal plants are great alternative as they are renewable and non exhaustive resources. In India these medicinal plants have been part of the people{\textquoteright}s life dating back from centuries. Objectives: The present study is aimed to evaluate anatomical characterization of stem and root of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa for the first time which can be used in the identification and standardisation of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa. Results: The stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their microscopic features. In that histochemical localisation of secondary metabolites and transverse section of stem and root were studied. The histochemical localisation result reveals the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin were found in epidermal, cortical and xylem regions of the stem. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, phenols and lignin were found in the different areas of root. Conclusion: The present study thus emphasis the potentiality of the plant as a drug.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa, Root, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.241}, author = {Srinivasa Naidu Parijatham Kanchana and Agnel Arul John Nayagam and Sandra Horta} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1021, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25\%, 1.25\%, 4.22\%, 8.12\% and 3.77\% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkalo{\"\i}ds, flavono{\"\i}d, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content were 32.5 {\textpm} 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 {\textpm} 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009\% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.

}, keywords = {Artemisia, Artemisinin, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostic, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.205}, author = {Messan Koffi Adjogbl{\'e} and Batomayena Bakoma and Kossi Metowogo and Kodjovi Dots{\`e} Amouzou and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku and Kodjo A Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {786, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves, Stem and Root of Capparis erythrocarpos Isert (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of Capparis erythrocarpos are used traditionally across Africa for the management of pain, arthritis and other forms of inflammatory conditions. Owing to its proven efficacy, it has gained commercial value, particularly as a key ingredient in several herbal products and alcoholic beverages. The increased scarcity owing to demand outstripping supply lend the roots of C. erythrocarpos to adulteration. This paper presents a detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The leaf, stem and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features as were the physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening done. Results: Leaves are alternately arranged, have collateral vascular bundle, crystal sheaths and a pericyclic fibre. Actinocytic stomata and secretory cells were contained in powdered leaves. The stem showed lenticels and thorns, stellate and branched trichomes which leave off cicatrices in older stems. The powdered stem and roots contained stone cells, secretory cells and scalariform vessels. However, the roots lacked thorns, trichomes and had smaller secretory cells. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots were slightly acidic to neutral. Ash values of leaves, stem and roots are (16.58 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w, (5.01 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w and (6.53 {\textpm} 0.19) \% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves, stem and roots showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: The determined parameters for the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos constitute quality parameters for their unequivocal identification.

}, keywords = {Capers, Cicatrices, crystal sheaths, Herbal medicine, Morphological features, Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.19}, author = {Twumasi Mary A and Ekuadzi Edmund and Mante Priscilla K and Boakye-Gyasi Mariam E and Mensah Merlin LK and Woode Eric} } @article {1011, title = {Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1376-1385}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1376}, abstract = {

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, {\textquotedblleft}Mundi{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethnomedicine, Flavonoids, Gorakhmundi, Mundi, Pharmacological uses, S. indicus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.213}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh C Semwal and Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya} } @article {963, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Cordia sebestena L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1100-1105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1100}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. belongs to family Boraginaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Geiger Tree{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, it is generally found in Indonesia included Jakarta, and many other countries. Some researchers have revealed the presence of several pharmacology activities. Thus this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Objective: In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards have been investigated to prove the authenticity of the plant for the claimed traditional uses. This will help in the identification of powder drug prior to using in medicine. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation, of the drug was performed using standardized procedures as mentioned in the WHO and Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia guidelines.Thin layer chromatography profile was done using some different mobile phase system to the identification of the drug. Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acidinsoluble ash value, were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant. The TLC profile of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract were carried out 5, 7 and 2 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for C.sebestena.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Chromatography Profile, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.172}, author = {Endang Hanani and Sri Harsodjo Wijono Soewandi and Hayati and Nellysa Revita} } @article {826, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 {\textpm} 4.17 \%), moisture content (32.15 {\textpm} 3.64 \%) total ash (8.58\% {\textpm} 1.06 \%), water soluble ash (7.15 {\textpm} 0.97 \%), acid insoluble ash (0.45 {\textpm} 0.03 \%). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

}, keywords = {DPPH, HPLC, Pharmacognostical, Punica granatum, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.42}, author = {Mohd Amir and Niyaz Ahmad and Md Sarfaroz and Wasim Ahmad and Sayeed Ahmad and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {1026, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies and Determination of Total Flavonoids of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1256-1261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1256}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is one of the plants used in traditional medicine and belongs to Compositae family. In different parts of Indonesia, it is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}paitan and kembang bulan{\textquotedblright}. The study provides an early description of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) and complete the monographs data extract. This plant prospects to the main source of the raw material for the herb-drug product and some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. The present study is to evaluate macrosand microscopic characteristic of the Indonesian plant and its quality parameter including fluorescence, physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical screening. Moisture content, ethanol and water-soluble extract was determined, and were discovered to be 11,27\%, 4,73\% and 18,01\%. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash value were determined which was 10.29 and 0.72 \% respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The result showed that average content of flavonoid total is 69.1653 mg QE/g extract.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.195}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Ema Dewanti and Deviana Indah Sari} } @article {806, title = {A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as N{\={a}}gake{\'s}ara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lauraceae, Market substitute, Quality standards, Siddha, ulteration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.15}, author = {Chinnapillai Arunachalam and Balasundaram Maheshwari and Govindarajan Nartunai and Raju Ilavarasan and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {943, title = {Phenolic Profile and In Vivo Cytotoxic Activity of Rice Straw Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {849-857}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {849}, abstract = {

Background: Previous work of our team exhibited that rice straw (RS) has antitumor activity in vitro and inhibit proliferation of liver, lung, prostate, and breast cancer human cell lines. In this work, we extended our research to screen the antitumor activity of RS ethanol extract as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation against murine Ehrlich solid carcinoma (EAC) model. Objective: To evaluate the most common waste in Egypt RS to screen out its in vivo cytotoxic activity and as combined therapy with radiotherapy. Method: Tested sample RS was investigated for its content of phenolics by LC/MS/MS, in addition, ethanolic extracts of the tested sample were investigated as antitumor on female mice inoculated with EAC cells as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR). Results: LC/MS/MS revealed that rice straw was rich in phenolic acids (vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid) along with catechin and flavonoids aglycones (quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). Rice straw and/or exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation caused a marked suppression of tumor growth and induced significant reduction in VEGF level \& in IL-6 level with significant elevation in IL-10 serum level. Rice straw caused a significant down regulation in the gene transcription level of MCL1 and b-catenin, and a significant up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Bax gene expression. RS extract and LDR (EC + RS + R group) revealed that there was a mild form of necrosis with severe apoptosis in the tumor cells. Conclusion: From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that RS/LDR effectively and synergistically work towards inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These findings were well supported with histopathological studies suggesting that RS/low dose gamma radiation can serve as a good therapeutic agent against cancer but still need further clinical studies.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Histopathology, LC/MS/MS, Phenolics, Rice straw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.137}, author = {Meselhy KM and Shams MM and Sherif NH and El-Sonbaty SM} } @article {840, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Toxicity Assessment of Copaifera paupera Oleoresin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was taken to determine the phytochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and TBARS methodologies), the oral acute toxicity and antigenotoxicity of the oleoresin Copaifera paupera. Methods: The oleoresin was tested for in vivo cytoprotective capacity using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay in mice bone marrow cells and mice erythrocytes cells, respectively. Results: The oleoresin had low levels of total flavonoids and phenol content and also of antioxidant capacity. Orally, the LD50 appeared to be \> 5000 mg/kg (no toxic or low toxic). The results showed all the doses evaluated (180 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg) antigenotoxic effect by reduce the DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide, being a 100 \% DNA damage reduction at the highest dose evaluated. Conclusion: According to the Micronucleus test, the oleoresin Copaifera paupera had the ability of increase the cell proliferation despite the exposition of cyclophosphamide. (abstract is not arranged properly, improper sentences)

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Comet assay, Copaifera paupera, Micronucleus test, Oleoresin, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.57}, author = {Danae Liviac and Paola Raunelli and Rafael Alvis and Silvio Puente and Ivan Best and Oscar Reategui} } @article {1057, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Support for the Traditional Uses of Zingiberacea Species in Suriname - A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1511-1525}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1511}, abstract = {

The Zingiberacea or ginger family is a family of flowering plants comprising roughly 1,600 species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes divided into about 50 genera. The Zingiberaceae are distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many members are economically important as spices, ornamentals, cosmetics, traditional medicines, and/or ingredients of religious rituals. One of the most prominent characteristics of this plant family is the presence of essential oils in particularly the rhizomes but in some cases also the leaves and other parts of the plant. The essential oils are in general made up of a variety of, among others, terpenoid and phenolic compounds with important biological activities. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is well-known for its ethnic and cultural diversity as well as its extensive ethnopharmacological knowledge and unique plant biodiversity. This paper first presents some general information on the Zingiberacea family, subsequently provides some background about Suriname and the Zingiberacea species in the country, then extensively addresses the traditional uses of one representative of the seven genera in the country and provides the phytochemical and pharmacological support for these uses, and concludes with a critical appraisal of the medicinal values of these plants.

}, keywords = {Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical composition, Rationale, Suriname, Traditional uses, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.232}, author = {Dennis RA Mans and Meryll Djotaroeno and Priscilla Friperson and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo} } @article {920, title = {Phytochemical Characterization of Rhizome, Fruit, Leaf and Callus of Rheum emodi Wall. using GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {617-623}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {617}, abstract = {

Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic- Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data{\textquoteright}s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97\%) and physcion (3.23\%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66\%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fruit, GC-MS analysis, Leaf, Rheum emodi, Rhizome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.99}, author = {Ruchi Singh and Preeti Chaturvedi} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {822, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Of Cichorium intybus by Exploring its Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {248-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Introduction: The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. Methods: The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. Results: The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15\% and 42.4\%. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41\% and 44.8\%. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p\<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. Conclusion: The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic effects, Antioxidant, Cichorium Intybus, Phytochemical analysis, Serum insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.39}, author = {Dina Kanj and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Safaa Baydoun and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {1036, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1409-1414}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1409}, abstract = {

Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal{\textquoteright}s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P \< 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Acacia Senegal, Antioxidants, crude extract, DPPH, Free Radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.218}, author = {Edwina O Uzunuigbe and Foluso O Osunsanmi and Priscilla Masamba and Rebamang A Mosa and Rebamang A Mosa and Andrew R Opoku and Abidemi P Kappo} } @article {923, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extracts from Lippia Javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in most life threaten diseases. Objectives: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Lippia javanica{\textquoteright}s crude extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on pulverized Lippia javanica leaves using standard protocols. Crude extracts were prepared using various solvents (hexane, acetone, ethylacetate, methanol, dichloromethane respectively), and percentage yields calculated. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts were monitored with DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) radicals using spectra techniques. Results: The phytochemical presents in Lippia javanica were tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. Percentage yield increased in order; Acetone \> Methanol, \> Dichloromethane \> Ethyl-acetate \> Hexane. All the crude extracts showed differ degrees of antioxidant potential as evidence by significantly (P \< 0.05) scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals, Acetone crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (2.22 {\texttimes} 10-3 and 2.42 {\texttimes} 10-3 mg/ml) toward DPPH and ABTS radical respectively in comparison to other crude extracts, and the positive controls (Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl anisole), Hexane crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (3.95 {\texttimes} 10-1 mg/ml) toward NO radical compared with other treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, this study proves that Lippia javanica crude extracts are good source of natural antioxidants in alleviating oxidative stress diseases. Isolation of bioactive compounds from crude extracts are desirable for future studies.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, DPPH, Lippia Javanica, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.128}, author = {Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {832, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Madang Gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Madang gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy is one of typical Indonesian plants that used traditionally as insomnia and hypertension drug. Background: The environment is highly polluted by free radicals which may contribute to the aging process of tissue and cause chronic diseases. The aims of the research were to study the phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of Schima wallichii stem bark. Materials and Methods: Extraction of S.wallichii stem bark was carried out by maceration method using methanol and then the methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol successively. The methanol extract was then screened to determine the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to silica column chromatography followed by exclusion chromatography on sephadex LH-20 to yield two partially purified isolates, SA and SE4. FTIR and GC-MS analyses indicated SA asa mixture of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl esterand patchouli alcohol, while SE4 was made up predominantly of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, 13-hydroxy methyl ester. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by using2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation method. Results: The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenes and quinones. All tested samples, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.58, 17.36, 8.17 and 8.79 μg/mL, respectively. The isolates showed strong antioxidant activity with SE4 exhibiting an IC50 value of about 5.5 times stronger than quercetin used as a standard antioxidant.

}, keywords = {13-hydroxy methyl ester, 14-methyl-, antioxidant activity, Chromatography, DPPH, Pentadecanoic acid, Schima wallichii stem bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.61}, author = {Galuh Widiyarti and Winda Fitrianingsih} } @article {912, title = {Phytochemical Identification and Anti-Oxidant Study of Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum basilicum L. Growing in Iraq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {724-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {724}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oil of Iraqi growing Ocimum basilicum (Thia basil) was studied for their chemical components investigation and antioxidant activity. Methods: Essential oils of leaves and stems of Ocimum basilicum were collected using hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus. Components of the collected essential oils were examined by the techniques such as Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry. Results: The analysis showed that the major components of essential oils were linalool (48.69\%), 1,8-cineole (14.00\%), trans-α-bergamotene (8.23\%) and eugenol (6.64\%). The antioxidant investigation was achieved using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a radical scavenger and bleaching of β-carotene/linoleic assay. The essential oil displayed strong inhibition with 110.8\% against autoxidation of linoleic acid, while the scavenging of DPPH radical gave a value of IC50 145.35 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results signify that essential oils of O. Basilicum could be used for pharmaceutical studies and preservative in the food industry. This is the first study of the essential components of new cultivate of Thai basil in Iraq.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Linalool, O. basilicum, Thai basil, β-carotene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.115}, author = {Abed S. Ahmed and Abo Khthr M. Fanokh and Mahood A. Mahdi} } @article {852, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {338-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

}, keywords = {Dermal toxicity, DPPH assay, Iron chelation, Oral toxicity, Tragia plukenetii., β-carotene-linoleic acid complex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.50}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {926, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {848}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {848}, abstract = {

In principle, this figure represents non-toxic effect of TP. As all the treatment groups are non-toxic, we have optimistically represented the figure. Due to the manual error while copying the figure 4, BE image was taken from different group instead of actual one. This has been rectified in the corrected image of figure 4. In ground reality, however, the present modifications in the figure do not alter the scientific meaning of the figure or the outcome of the study conclusions. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {891, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Study of Methanol Extract of Stems and Roots of Codonopsis clematidea from Trans-himalayan Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {536-546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Aim: The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. Material and Methods: The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). Results: The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Cha) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Chb) and Carotenoids (Cca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. Conclusion: These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Codonopsis clematidea, Fructose, GC-MS, MER, MES}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.86}, author = {Pushpender Bhardwaj and Mohan Singh Thakur and Sahil Kapoor and Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Ajay Sharma and Shweta Saxena and Om Prakash Chaurasia and Raj kumar} } @article {1039, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Effect of Ethanol Leaf and Trunk Bark Extracts of Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. (Caesalpiniaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1415-1418}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1415}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant effect of ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of an African wild plant, Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. C. pinnata is used in Senegalese folk medicine to treat asthenia, spasm and various infections. Methods: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts was done using physico-chemical reactions while antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Tannins, flavonoids, cardiotonic heterosides and triterpenoids were present in leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Meanwhile, anthracenic derivatives were detected in the leaf extract of C. pinnata. In DPPH assay, IC50 values of the leaf, trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid were respectively 21.07 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml, 19.53 {\textpm} 0.42 μg/ml and 0.33 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml. In FRAP assay, the leaf and trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid reduced significantly ferric ion. Ascorbic acid was seen to be more active in FRAP assay than the leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata had revealed antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cordyla pinnata, Leaf, Phytochemical screening, Trunk bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.219}, author = {Alioune Dior FALL and Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and Abdou SARR and Mbaye DIENG} } @article {922, title = {Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {818-823}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Asparagus racemosus, Chromatography, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.131}, author = {Kalaivani Selvaraj and Girija Sivakumar and Aruthra Arumugam Pillai and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Srinivasa Rao Bolla and Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan and Gayathri Rengasamy and Joel P Joseph and Janardhana PB} } @article {791, title = {Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bridelia ferruginea, Diabetes, Fractionation, OGTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.23}, author = {Batomayena Bakoma and Sabrina Sanvee and Kossi Metowogo and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku and Kodjo Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {889, title = {Phytochemical Study of Odorous Celery Root (Apium graveolens L.) Grown in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {527-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Context: Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. Aims: The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. Methods and Material: The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method; essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. Statistical analysis used: The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method {\textquotedblleft}Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests{\textquotedblright} presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95\%, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). Results: For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 {\textpm} 0.01\%, flavonoids - 1.44 {\textpm} 0.01,\% lipophilic substances - 4, 05 {\textpm} 0.01\%, carotenoids - 3.03 {\textpm} 0.02\%, free organic acids - 2.38 {\textpm} 0.02\%, tannins - 8.06 {\textpm} 0.01\%, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 {\textpm} 0.01\%, pectin substances - 3.45 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose A - 1.54 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose B - 1.47 {\textpm} 0.01\%. Conclusion: Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Carotenoids, Essential oil, Flavonoids, Free organic acids, Polysaccharides, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.84}, author = {Tsakhkhaeva Zuhra Sarmanovna} } @article {987, title = {Phytosomal Nanoparticles Preparation of Curcuminoids to Enhance Cellular Uptake of Curcuminoids on Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1037-1045}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1037}, abstract = {

Objective: Curcuminoids, the bioactive compounds extracted from Curcuma longa consisting of Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), have shown promising biological effects, including anticancer activity. This study sought to prepare a physically stable phytosomal nanoparticles of curcuminoids (Curs-Phyto) to facilitate uptake of curcuminoids on breast cancer cells line, and further increase the cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Methods: The evaporation combined extrusion technique was employed to prepare phytosomal curcuminoids nanoparticles. The interaction between curcuminoids and phospholipid by a hydrogen bond was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Their physicochemical characterizations and stability in simulated gastric and intestinal media were investigated. The effects of Curs-Phyto on MCF-7 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, MTS assay and cell cycle analysis. Results: We found that the Curs-Phyto were formed at a spherical shape with good size (~ 180 nm), a narrow size distribution (PDI \< d0.2), high complexation rate (~ 87\%, 95\%, and 90\% for BDMC, DMC, and CUR respectively) and high loading capacity of curcuminoids. More importantly, the Curs-Phyto showed the increased cellular uptake and enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF- 7 cancer cells, compared to free curcuminoids. Conclusion: These results indicated that the phytosome could be a promising oral delivery system for curcuminoids for cancer treatment.

}, keywords = {Cellular uptake, Curcuminoids, FACS analysis, Nanoparticle, Phytosome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.163}, author = {Nguyen Van Long and Bui Thi Thu Ha and Anh Vu Tuan and Hoang Van Luong and Nguyen Tung Linh and Thanh Chu Duc and Phung Cao Dai and Chul Soon Yong and Chu Van Men} } @article {929, title = {The Potential Herbs of Medicinal Forests from Central Kalimantan as a Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {740-744}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {740}, abstract = {

Background: Central Kalimantan is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia with a wealth of medicinal herbaceous plant species. This province was the origin of various medicinal plants such as tabat barito, akar kuning, pasak bumi and some other medicinal plants that were useful for human health. Methods: This paper explain about inhibitory test extracts etanol of Hati Tanah (Angiotepris Sp) tubers and Sangkareho leaves (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentration 1\%, 5\%, 10\%, and 15\%. Both plants has been utilized by the community as a traditional medicine to treat minor to moderate injuries such as postpartum. Results: The results for extract Hati Tanah was 15.63 mm, 16.97 mm, 25.42 mm, 28.40 mm and the results for and Sangkareho leaves was 1 mm, 2.68 mm, 3.9 mm, 6.2 mm. Inhibitory test studies have also been performed on the N-Butanol fraction from ethanol extract Hati Tanah tubers of the soil at the same concentrations and bacteria. The inhibited zone results was 15.65 mm, 23.20 mm, 24.15 mm, 26.25 mm. Conclusion: Medicinal forest plants origin of Central Kalimantan is Hati Tanah tubers and Sangkareho leaves has potential as a traditional medicine in inhibiting and killing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

}, keywords = {Inhibitory test, Medicinal forest, Staphylococcus aureus, Traditional medicines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.117}, author = {Rezqi Handayani} } @article {1034, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Hypnea valentiae with Antigluconegenesis Activity in Goat Eye}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1406-1408}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1406}, abstract = {

ROS is known to the main spark off the pathogenesis of cataract. In the Red seaweed the protein content along with Carotenoids are highly having the anti-oxidant activity to nullify the Oxidative stress. Along this ward, the Selected Red Seaweed where macerated in different solvent system. From that, the phytochemical parameters, were investigated. However, it showed that the Aqueous extract of Hypnea valentiae posse the protein, Carbohydrate, tannin and cartotenoids. The indexed extract pointed with the antigluconesgenesis effect in the isolated goat eye. The results suggest that the Hypnea valentiae extract under investigation can delay the diffusion onset and/or prevent the progression of cataract. In this, anti-cataract potential may be attributed to the presence of high protein and carotenoids. Photographic evaluation, further, confirmed the observation.

}, keywords = {Anti gluconeogenesis, Aqueous extract, Goat eye, Hypnea valentiae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.217}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and S Jayakumari} } @article {844, title = {Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Product Mixture of Seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for Antioxidant, Prebiotic and Nutraceutical Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {383-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. {\textquotedblleft}Nutraceutical{\textquotedblright} is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Materials and Methods: Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Results: Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It{\textquoteright}s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. Conclusion: The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant potential, Cucumis melo, Linum usitatissimum, Nutraceutical potential, Nutraceuticals, Prebiotic potential, Proximate Analysis, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.59}, author = {Meera Chandradatt Singh and Kishore N. Gujar} } @article {804, title = {Preparation of Triphala Churna using the Ingredients Obtained from Local Market and Comparative Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {102-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the recent years there has been rapid growth in the field of herbal medicine most of the tradition systems of medicine are accepted universally after standardization only. it very important to develop an essential techniques to standardization of herbal related drugs. The present study standardization of Triphala Churna majorly focused on that area under WHO guidelines. Method: This polyherbal Churna used treat the constipation and other gastric disorders. In this study a prepared Thriphala Churna was comparatively standardized with the reference obtained from market. For the standardization of the above formulations were done by evaluating the macroscopical, microscopical, powder flow properties, extractive values, Physicochemical characters, heavy metal content detection, qualitavte and quantitive determination of tannins and alkaloids, TLC finger print, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic activity to assess the quality and safety and therapeutic activity of formulation. Results: The above parameters for the both formulation complies with the strands. The flow properties are poor. From the preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents. Majorly the concentration of tannins and flavonoids are high in water extract and also the water extract having the good anti-oxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Hence the Triphala extracts may be used for various Ayurvedic preparations to chronic diseases like cancer.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity, standardization, Thriphala Churna, TLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.18}, author = {Gunji Venkateswarlu and Seru Ganapaty and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar} } @article {954, title = {The Prevalence, Attitude and Awareness of Herbal Medicine Products Use Among Pharmacy Practitioner in Jordan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1082-1087}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Background: There has been a universal increase in the use of herbal medicine products (HMPs). Herbal medicine considered to be the oldest form of healing and treating different diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, attitude of HMPs use and awareness among pharmaceutical practitioner in Jordan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 230 Jordanian pharmacy practitioner (pharmacist and pharmacy assistant), within 90 different private pharmacies in different cities of Jordan during the period of 6 months in the mid of 2018. The survey questionnaire included: the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, the source of information of the use of the HMPs, the attitude towards the use and safety of the HMPs and their combination with conventional drugs. Results: Out of 230 pharmacy practitioners interviewed in this study, the utilization rate of the HMPs use was just 41.7\%. A large number of practitioners (58.3\%) preferred conventional medicine because they believed that conventional medicine had better efficacy and better feedback than herbal products. A significant difference between pharmacist participants knowledge and work experience for more than 7 years (p-value=0.002). Majority of the participants (88.9\%) reported that they had a narrow background about the safety of these products and hadn{\textquoteright}t satisfied information regarding herb-drug interaction. Conclusion: This study counteracts other studies reported in Jordan, the usage of herbal medicine products among pharmacy practitioners isn{\textquoteright}t prevalent and isn{\textquoteright}t disseminated. They had fair information{\textquoteright}s about the usage of the herbal products especially between the pharmacist, but they were less awareness about side effects and interactions of these products. It is crucial to refresh pharmacy practitioner knowledge periodically and enhance their information by arranging different programs focused on the rational use of these products, side effects and interactions by Jordanian pharmacist association, which had a potential role in this field. In addition, they must use reliable sources for information on herbal products in order to provide desired pharmaceutical care

}, keywords = {Conventional medicines, Herbal medicine products (HMPs), Pharmacy practitioner}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.169}, author = {Noha Abd Kareem Younis Younis} } @article {853, title = {Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {346-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

}, keywords = {Doxorubicin, Enzymatic antioxidant, Non-enzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Termianlia catappa, Terminalia chebulla.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.51}, author = {Panneerselvam Punniyakotti and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan and Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu and Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar and Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {914, title = {Protective Role of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Against High-Fat Diet Induced Testicular Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {808-811}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {808}, abstract = {

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the adverse effects of the high-fat-diet (HFD) on the testosterone level and testicular structure of male rats as well as to examine whether Eurycoma longifolia (EL) is able to ameliorate these effects. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 rats. Group ND was given only normal diet, group NDEL was given normal diet and EL extracts (15 mg/ kg) dissolved in distilled water, group HFD was given only high-fat-diet and group HFDEL was given high-fat-diet and EL extracts (15 mg/kg). EL was administered orally for 12 weeks. The animal{\textquoteright}s testosterone level was measured at week 0, 6 and 12. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 12th weeks and the testes samples were processed for histological examination Results: The testosterone level was significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in the in the treated rats with EL (NDEL and HFDEL) compared with ND and HFD groups. Treatment with HFD revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis. Treatment of HFD rats with El reduced the adverse effects of HFD and improved the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: These findings revealed that EL has ameliorative effects against the testicular damage caused by high-fat-diet.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma Longifolia, High-Fat-Diet, Seminiferous Tubules Tongkat Ali, Testis, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.129}, author = {Imad M Al-Ani and Norsidah Ku-Zaifah and Fakhria A. Al-Joufi and Rafidah H.Mokhtar and Norlelawati A. Talib and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal} } @article {813, title = {Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) aqueous stem bark extract extenuates oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {183-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

Context: Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valued deciduous shrub with significant therapeutic application against diabetes in West Africa. Aims: This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of its aqueous stem bark extract (PSAE) over a 15-day experimental period in streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged diabetic rats. Methods and Material: STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily and the blood glucose levels were monitored for 15 days. The bioactive constituents of PSAE were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: Treatment with PSAE markedly (p\< 0.05) ameliorated the concentrations of blood glucose and improved the lipid metabolism imbalance in the diabetic animals. Also, while PSAE significantly (p\<0.05) improved glycogen and glutathione (reduced) levels as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the concentrations of glucose and malondialdehyde coupled with the activity of α-amylase were significantly reduced in the liver of PSAE-administered diabetic animals when compared with those of the normal control and untreated diabetic groups. The observed improvements could be associated with the phytoconstituents of PSAE as evident from the results of the GC-MS analysis. Put together, the elicited effects compared favorably well with metformin (a standard hypoglycemic drug) and are suggestive of antidiabetic and antioxidant capabilities of the extract. Conclusion: The scope of the data presented in this study indicates that the extract ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it is suggested to be mediated via antioxidant and concerted blood glucose lowering actions.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arjunglycoside, Diabetes, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Hyperglycaemia, Pteleopsis suberosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.30}, author = {Aladodo Abimbola Raliat and Sabiu Saheed and Sulyman Olarewaju Abdulhakeem} } @article {764, title = {Peels of Citrus Fruits: A Potential Source of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s172-s178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s172}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was contemplated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials in peels of some commercially grown Citrus fruits of South India viz, Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange (Citrus reticulata), Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium), Pomello (Citrus grandis) and Citron (Citrus medica). Methods: The peel of the fruits were separated and subjected to cold extraction using 70\% alcohol. The extracts obtained were screened for the presence of phytoconstituents by qualitative phytochemical analysis; the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts at 250 and 500mg/Kg body weight concentrations were assessed by in vivo Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and in vitro HRBC membrane stabilization assay whereas Tail immersion and Hot plate methods have been used to evaluate their analgesic property. Results: The results revealed that, all extracts treated animals have shown significant decrease in paw edema volume at 3rd and 4th hour of treatment and increase in reaction time in tail immersion and hot plate readings at 120 and 150 min and are comparable to the standards. From the results it was evident that Citron peel extract exhibited significant antiinflammatory and analgesic property in all models. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed that extracts were bestowed with presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds which might be responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: From the results it was evident that all citrus fruits have prominent activity in terms of parameters assessed in a dose dependent manner and are more effective in the later phase. The study thus documents that Citrus peels are good sources of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Citrus peel, Hot plate, HRBC, Phytochemicals, Tail immersion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.30}, author = {Pallavi Malleshappa and Ramesh Chapeyil Kumaran and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Sameera Parveen} } @article {511, title = {Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Piperine on Gliclazide in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {221-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Back Ground: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of piperine on gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Methods: Influence of piperine on the activity of gliclazide was determined by conducting single- and multipledose interaction studies in rats (normal and diabetic) and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. \β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. Additionally, serum gliclazide levels in rabbits were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and rabbits. Similarly, piperine also showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in animals. Additionally, , samples analyzed from all time points in combination with piperine showed peak reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide was also altered by single- or multiple-dose piperine treatments in rabbits. Conclusion: The interaction of piperine with gliclazide upon single and multiple-dose treatment was pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in nature, indicating the need for periodic monitoring of glucose levels and dose adjustment as necessary when this combination is prescribed to diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Drug interaction, Gliclazide, Piperine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.38}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/468}, author = {Umachandar Lagisetty and Habibuddin Mohammed and Sivakumar Ramaiah} } @article {605, title = {Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Collected from Kashmir Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {690-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known herb for its culinary and medicinal significance. The purpose of this study was to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation. Methods: Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, HPTLC quantification and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were done. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of phytomolecules such as alkaloid (0.99\%), tannin (1.75\%), sugar (1.96\%) and starch (0.68\%). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 2.32\% and 1.16\% respectively. HPTLC quantification data showed that the content of ferulic acid (0.034\%) was higher than caffeic acid (0.0064\%) on dry weight basis The IC50 value for the in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was 0.50 \μg/ml and in vitro anti diabetic assay displayed IC50 value of 0.8366 mg/ml. Conclusion: The study suggests presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, HPTLC, Hyssopus officinalis, Phenolic acids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/652}, author = {Akanksha Srivastava and Kuldeep Awasthi and Bhanu Kumar and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {692, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {963-968}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {963}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, Shveta Musali}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.163}, author = {Kopila Adhikari and KN Anuradha and N. Prabhu Suchitra} } @article {505, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcumin on Diabetic Retinopathy in Alloxan-induced Diabetes through NF-KB and Brn3a Related Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {324-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common micro vascular complication of diabetes and involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal pigment epithelium, inter retinal oedema and intraocular neovascularisation where pro-inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1,iNOS and VEGF release by activation of enzyme CaMKII/NF-kB expression Diabetic induced oxidative stress followed by deactivation of Brn3a expression in the retinal ganglionic cells are also early events in pathogenesis of Diabetic retinopathy. These factors are important contributors to the development of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy. Objective: Objective of this study to examine the effect of curcumin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties obtained from Curcuma longa against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by in-vivo in retinas of rat rendered diabetic by alloxan and in vitro in western blotting and RGC tissue culture. Method: We administered curcumin or saline vehicle to experimental animals daily for 12 weeks. Vascular permeability, expression of CaMK II/NF-kB, Retinal morphology and neuropathic change of the retinal ganglion cells were investigated. Results: As an anti-oxidant, curcumin raised Retinal Ganglionic cells by increasing Brn3a expression during oxidative stress condition and subsequently decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting CaMKII and NF-kB expression. Conclusion: Curcumin, a common food additive has beneficial effects in experimental studies of diseases that are characterised by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It appears to be a useful adjunct therapy to possibly inhibit the progression of retinopathy, sight threatening complication faced by diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Brn3a, CaKMII, Curcumin, Inflammation, NF-KB, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.56}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/486}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Toffa Dasmohapatra and Gitanjali Tripathy} } @article {593, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization of an Ethnomedicinal Aquatic Herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms for its Antibacterial Potentiality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {533-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {533}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial potentiality, pharmacognostic characteristics and quality control parameters including heavy metals, like lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulation in the aerial parts of an aquatic herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was done by agar well diffusion method. Pharmacognostic studies like morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses were carried out for organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of living aerial parts, and powder microscopy, fluorescence, proximate and elemental analysis of the dried powder sample. Elements and heavy metals contents were determined by carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur / oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Results: M. hastata (L.) Solms aerial parts showed antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal and topical pathogens. It exhibited an amphistomatic and hydromorphic anatomical characters. The distinguishing features were the presence of stomata in upper and lower epidermis, broad air chambers, cuticle, collateral vascular bundles, sclereidal fibres, pitted tracheids, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and annular vessels in leaf. The powder sample contained very less amount of acid insoluble ash than water soluble ash and complete absence of foreign organic matter. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) ratio was 33:6:5:1 and lead content was lesser than the recommended upper limit though the arsenic content was higher than the permissible upper limit. Conclusions: Though the plant has traditionally been used as a potent Ethnomedicinal herb to cure boils, gastritis, hepatopathy and as laxative, but no such evaluation of pharmacognostic identity and quality parameters have been done so far. This is the first report on its pharmacognostic characters and quality control issues like heavy metal accumulation and physicochemical parameters for future use as powder drug.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence characteristics, Heavy metal accumulation, M hastata (L.) solms, Pharmacognostic standardization, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.87}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/520}, author = {Debabrata Misra and Manab Mandal and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {533, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {249-255}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Objective: Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir to have a great medicinal value. The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis of the identification and the authenticity of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir with the help of pharmacognostic parameters, which is not done before. Methods: Roots, stems, and leaves of P. rubra were collected for Pharmacognostic studies involving macros, microscopic evaluation, histochemistry and physicochemical parameters analysis like Ash value, Moisture content, Fluorescence analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography et al. Results: Transverse section of root was found like stone cells, calcium oxalate crystal and vessels in circular shape. Transverse section of stem showed the presence of lenticels and stone cell bands. Transverse section of leaf vein revealed the presence of shaft type of porosity. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of cork cells, stone cells, crystals and resin, fibers, needle crystal beam, thread tracheid and scalariform tracheid. Phytochemical investigation was found like alkaloids, flavones, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and volatile oils. Results obtained in physicochemical parameters like Total ash value, acid insoluble ash and moisture content were 9.77\%, 0.68\% and 1.28\%, respectively. The leaching degree of P. rubra was higher in ethanol(75\%, v/v) and methanol solutions than that in chloroform, petroleum ether, and tetrachloromethane solutions. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed 4 spots with the Rf values 0.47, 0.46, 0.46, 0.47 with the solvent system of chloroform: methanol: water: formic acid(7:3:1:0.1). Conclusion: The observations confirmed that P. rubra has an obvious Pharmacognostic characteristics, which will be useful towards providing a reliable basis for identification, purity, quality and classification of the plant.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Identification, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Poir, Psychotria rubra(Lour.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.44}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/474}, author = {Gengqiu Tang and Xiaojing Lin and Xiudi Lai and Xue Gong and Shengguo Ji} } @article {694, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {973-978}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {973}, abstract = {

Purpose: To undertake the pharmacognostic studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Root for the purpose of identification and differentiation from related species. Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the root were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value and weight loss on drying were also determined. The root powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Results: Macro- and micro-scopic studies revealed cork i.e. the layer of periderm present above the cortex along with lenticels. The periderm is many layered membranous with irregularly fissured crevices containing phellum and phellogen. Secondary phloem is comparatively massive without lignified tissues i.e. bast fibres and contains sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, many enriched with starch grains. The secondary xylem lignified mingled with medullary rays, vessels, parenchyma and wood fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, gum, steroid, tri-terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the root. Conclusion: The findings of this study facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and add clues in the preparation of herbal monographs for Phyto pharmacopeia.

}, keywords = {Anthocephalus cadamba, Kadamba, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical, Root}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.165}, author = {Suman Acharyya and Ranjan Padhy and Santosh Kumar Dash} } @article {656, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

Key words: Essential oils, Bioactives, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {677, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {921-924}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactives, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries, Essential oils, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.155}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {756, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Studies of Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle (Rhizome)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s89-s94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s89}, abstract = {

Introduction: The rhizome of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases e.g. muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems where pharmacognostical studies are lacking. Many chemical constituents; luteolin, apigenin, luteolin glycosides, stigmasterol, daucosterol have been reported. The aim of this work was to perform a pharmacognostical evaluation. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed. Results: E. acoroides has characteristic morphology. Microscopical studies indicated the presence of vessels, fiber, parenchyma cells, sclereids, tracheids and trichomes. Physicochemical parameters of E. acoroides rhizome; foreign matter, loss on drying and total ash content were measured. As well as chemical investigation through TLC and HPLC were specified. Conclusion: The present study of E. acoroides rhizome provides useful information that can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of E. acoroides and will be helpful in characterization of the crude drug in the market.

}, keywords = {Enhalus acoroides, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Specification, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.17}, author = {Supattra Klangprapun and Benjaporn Buranrat and Wanida Caichompoo and Somsak Nualkaew} } @article {521, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis on Leaves of Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Objective: Kakhara, Dhanimari or Kakhda is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, which has been identified as Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. (Syn. H. zeylanicum) belonging to family Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae). The leaves and bark of the plant is used in rheumatism, diabetes and wound healing. Review of literature revealed that the scientific evaluation on various parts of the plants has not been carried out, hence the present study has been designed to study leaves of Homalium ceylanicum Benth. For its morphology, anatomy, physiochemical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The leaves samples were collected from Gandhamardana hills, Odisha, in month of September 2016, herbarium was provided with herbarium reference no. phm/6216/2016-17 and also certified by BSI Kolkata. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes and centimeter scale was used to measure the leaf size. Microscopy of leaf, Stomatal index and powder microscopy was done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative analysis were done following standard API protocols. Results: Leaves are simple, alternate, with crenate margin and petiole is pubescent. T.S. of petiole shows boat shaped with two protruding arms supported by 2 meristele. The schematic diagram of T.S. of petiole shows somewhat orbicular to boat shaped with two arms protruding supporting two meristele in each arm. Stomatal index is 15.94-16.91, powder is bitter with leafy aroma, microscopic shows paracyctic stomata key character of genus. LOD is 8.66 \± 0.72 and carbohydrates are present in both extracts. Conclusion: the anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Flacourtiaceae, Homalium ceylanicum, Leaf, Salicaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.48}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Acharya Rabinarayan and Jani Switu and Chinappa Rudrappa and Shukla Vinay} } @article {592, title = {Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. from Uttarakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {527-532}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Objective: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. commonly known as Burans is an important plant of the Himalayan region. It is the national flower of Nepal and state tree of Uttarakhand. The present study pertains to the pharmacognostical evaluation of R. arboreum from Uttarakhand. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy by free hand section cutting and with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done along with the physicochemical analysis. Preliminary phytochemical studies and fluorescence analysis was also carried out. Results: Results revealed that the leaves contain paracytic or amphiparacytic stomata in cluster form. The epidermal cells were long and spongy. The cells also contain some grooves and papillae throughout the surface. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins. Conclusion: R. arboreum from Uttarakhand region was investigated for its morphological and cytological characteristics with the help of scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The results provide details on the presence of several specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine crude drug.

}, keywords = {Burans, Himalaya, microscopy, Phytochemical, SEM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.86}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/519}, author = {Devesh Tewari and Archana Negi Sah and Sweta Bawari} } @article {711, title = {Pharmacognostical Study of Ixora coccinea Flower}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Introduction: The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards. Methods: Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1\%), acid insoluble ash (0.2\%), water soluble ash (1.25\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25\%) and water soluble extractive value (12\%) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Conclusion: The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.

}, keywords = {Flower, Ixora coccinea, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacopeia, Raktaka, Rubiaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.176}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and Roy Chiranjeev} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {637, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Screening of some Plant Derived Medicine to Treat Dysmenorrheal Pain by the Rajbanshi Community}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {738-746}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a sort of painful menstrual disorder. Several plants like Allium sativum L., Areca catechu L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. Ex Roxb, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews, Piper nigrum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck were used in appropriate ratio to make herbal formulation to cure dysmenorrheal pain by the traditional healers of Rajbanshi community. Objective: By semi-structured questionnaires in the course of scheduled interviews with the local herbal practitioners, four herbal formulations (coded as DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4) were recorded. Pharmacognostic characterization was carried out for the authentication of the powder drugs which includes powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical evaluation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4 was determined by qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals of various successive solvent extracts based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography was performed for screening various phyto-active compounds like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside, etc. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colors were exhibited by these herbal drugs under UV after reacting with chemical reagents. Physical analyses values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of active phytoconstituents like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: The results support the use of plants as a traditional medicine for the prevention disorders like Dysmenorrhea. Further evaluation is required for determining the efficacy of those herbal drugs and the active phytoconstituents involved in Dysmenorrheal therapy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography., Traditional healer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/662}, author = {Priyankar Roy and Palash Mandal and Subhasis Panda and Sonia Mitra Roy and Arunika Subba} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} } @article {765, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Bacopa monnieri Extract against Depressive like Behavior Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s48-s53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome lead to relapse to alcohol use and depression is the most common symptom of withdrawal. Bacopa monnieri is a traditional memory enhancer and has reported antidepressant properties as well. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Bacopa monnieri extract in alcohol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Methods: Plant drug was extracted with ethanol (70\% v/v) using soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 7.2\%, v/v was given to the rats in a liquid diet for 21 days and then was withdrawn from the diet and animals were observed at 6th and 24th h for withdrawal signs like depressive behavior and locomotor hyperactivity. Results: The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Bacopa monnieri extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p) treatment at the 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal produced the significant (p\<0.001) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the disease control rats when tested on forced swim test and tail suspension test. Bacopa monnieri extract and fluoxetine treatment produced significant (p\<0.001) inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity as well. Histopathological examination did not show any remarkable pathological and microscopic changes. Conclusion: Findings from the present study showed that Bacopa monnieri extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.

}, keywords = {Bacopa monnieri, Depression, Ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Histopathology, Locomotor hyperactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.9}, author = {Lalit Sharma and Aditi Sharma and Girdhari Lal Gupta and Gopal Singh Bisht} } @article {634, title = {Pharmacological Studies of Oxalis Pes-caprae L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: Oxalis pes-caprae is also called as \“sourgrass\” or soursob. The roots, stems and leaves of Oxalis pes-caprae have high medicinal values and have the function of antiinflammatory and analgesia, clearing heat, removing toxicity. In present study Oxalis pescaprae belonging to family oxalidaceae evaluated for pharmacological activities like cytotoxicity, phtotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal bioassays. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp bioassay using methodology of Atta- ur- Rahman et al., 2001. The phytotoxic activity was investigated by applying Lamna minor (as test species) following Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 2001. Anti-bacterial screening was conducted following Rathan (2000). Anti-fungal screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method following Perez et al. (1990) and Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1991). Results: Its ethanolic extract showed highly significant (100\%) cytotoxicity with LD50 8.98 at 1000 ppm. Lemna minor phytotoxicity assay showed that O. pes-caprae chloroform extract showed 90\% inhibition at 1000 ppm with FI50 0.1048. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples of the plant were significant against Xanthomonas, Clavibacter machengnitis and Bacillus at 1000, 1500 and 2500 ppm doses. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium and Fusarium solani) were noticed for all the extracts at 100 and 1000 ppm. Conclusion: Pharmacological potentials showed that this plant can be used in upcoming time for extracting numerous active constituents for their pharmacological preparations.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Cytotoxic activity, Oxalis pes-caprae, Pharmacology, Phytotoxic activity, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/655}, author = {Syeda Naila and Muhammad Ibrar} } @article {620, title = {Pharmacophore Modelling of Brassicaceae Members as Potent HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) Inhibitors Involved in Cancer Angiogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {798-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Angiogenesis is considered as an essential pathological feature of cancer due to its interplay between cancer and other diseases. Natural products found to act as antiangiogenic agents that mediate the angiogenic switch between pro and anti angiogenic factors. Among the different targets, HIF is an important and critical factor that stands as a key mediator between angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. In our study different phytochemicals of Brassicaceae were analysed for their drug like properties and mapped for pharmacophore development. The developed pharmacophore was virtually screened and further subjected to Lipinski and ADMET filters. The molecular interaction studies of the 10 retrieved compounds were studied by binding with HIF. Among the compounds 1stdrug like molecule HTS 0115 (C15H21BrN2O3) was found to have best docked score and its interaction was further validated using dynamics simulation. The compound found to share the pharmacophoric features with progoitrin a biochemical form of glucosinolate with reported anticancer and anti thyroid activities. Thus the drug like compound HTS 0115 can be further optimised as a putative HIF inhibitor in tumor angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Brassicaceae, HIF, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore, Simulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/673}, author = {Jeyavel Renukadevi and Ganesan Nandhinidevi and Muthiah Bavanilatha and Hemanath Tharani and Rajarajan Sathiyabama and Subramani Vasumathi} } @article {621, title = {Photoactivated chlorophyllin and acetylcholinesterase/ cytochrome oxidase activity in Fasciola gigantica cercaria larvae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {768-772}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

Objective: The effect of chlorophyllin (CHL), CHL + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) and FCU on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase activity in the nervous tissue of the host snail Lymnaea acuminata, and parasitic cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica were studied. Methods: Whole cercaria larvae and snail nervous tissue was homogenized and supernatant was used as an enzyme source. Enzyme activity was measured in 10-mm path length cuvette using incubation mixtures and change in optical density was recorded. Results: Sublethal 4 h LC50 40\% and 80\% of these formulations in sunlight and laboratory conditions caused no significant change in AChE activity in the nervous tissue of host snail. It was noted that sublethal in vivo 8 h exposure to 40\% and 80\% of 4 h LC50 of single and binary combination of CHL+FCU, CHL and FCU significantly altered the AChE and cytochrome oxidase activity in the cercaria larvae. Binary combinations of CHL+FCU in sunlight were more effective in inhibiting both the enzymes. Conclusion: The present study reported that enzymes AChE and cytochrome oxidase were inhibited by chlorophyllin formulations and thus causing the larval death inside the snail body without affecting the snail itself which is an important bioindicator of aquatic ecosytem.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Cercaria larva, Cytochrome oxidase, Fasciola Gigantica, Lymnaea acuminata, Nervous tissue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/667}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Singh and Divya jyoti Singh} } @article {522, title = {Physicochemical Analysis of Sumbul-al {\textendash}Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi D.C.) Rhizome along with its HPLC Profile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sumbul-al\–Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a well known traditional medicinal plant used for therapeutic effect in Unani and Ayurvedic System of Medicine. It has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. It is also useful in the management of insomnia and CNS disorders. The present study aims towards the evaluation of the parameters involved in the determination of the quality and purity of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome and its standardization. Methods: Organoleptic characters, extractive values, ash values, phyto-chemical analysis, TLC, fluorescence analysis and HPLC profile etc. were the parameters used for the standardisation of the test drug. Result: Total ash values, water and alcohol soluble extractive values, moisture contents and volatile oil percentage was found to be 7.08\%, 3.54\%, 2.5\%, 8.6\% and 02\% respectively. TLC profile of N. jatamansi shows 04, 08 and 10 spots in UV short and long wavelength and exposure to iodine vapours respectively. The HPLC pattern shows 34 peaks and the peak no. 01 and 08 are major peaks having area concentration and retention time as 25.974\% at 2.8 min. and 29.967\% at 4.399 min. respectively. Conclusion: The study will provide referential information for the good quality, purity and identification for the future batches of Nardostachys jatamansi.

}, keywords = {Phyto-chemical analysis, Quality, standardization, Unani}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.49}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Mohammad Rashid and Aziz ur Rahman and Qazi Zaid Ahmad and Tajuddin and Syed Shariq Mian} } @article {688, title = {Physicochemical Standardization of Polyherbal Powder Formulation: Safoof-e-Makhana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {899-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {899}, abstract = {

Introduction: Safoof-e-Makhana (SM) is a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used to treat Sexual disorders. Formulation consists of following herbs Orchis latifolia, Hygrophila auriculata, Asparagus racemosus and Elettaria cardamomum. The main aim of this study was to standardize Safoof-e-Makhana (SM), on the basis of organoleptic characters and physico-phytochemical analysis. Methods: The drugs were cleaned, dried in shade and powdered by passing through sieve $\#$ no. 80 as per the method described in UPI / National Formulary of Unani Medicine. This Safoof formulation was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, Ash value, LOD at 1050C, pH and HPTLC fingerprinting. Statistical analysis used: Mean \± SEM. Results: Organoleptic characters of the formulation are light brown colour, characteristic odour, sweet taste and moderately fine texture. Physicochemical parameters displayed water soluble extractive (21.83 \± 0.08), alcohol soluble extractive (7.87 \± 0.09), total ash (4.76 \± 0.08), acid insoluble ash (3.36 \± 0.01), water soluble ash (0.89 \± 0.25), LOD at 105oC (11.38 \± 0.34), pH of 1\% and 10\% solution were 6.6 \± 0.1 and 6.0 \± 0.1 respectively. Phytochemical qualitative analysis displayed presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, volatile oil. HPTLC fingerprinting data was also set in. Conclusion: The standardization of this formulation was done and the data obtained would be used as a standard for future reference.\ 

}, keywords = {Formulation, Physicochemical, Polyherbal, Powder, Safoof-e- Makhana, standardization, Unani Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.151}, author = {Gazi Jahangeer Rather and Hamiduddin and Mohd Ikram, Shaista Fatima and MD Naquibuddin} } @article {583, title = {The Phythochemical Research of Armenian Apricot Gums (Gummi armeniacae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {476-479}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Aim: The plant derivative, the gum\’s exudates are of great interest among polysaccharides. Nowadays, it is of crucial importance to study the structural peculiarities and the conditioned biological activity of the Gummi Armenicae of native origin as an alternative version of the Gummi Arabicae. Materials and methods: As a material for research served the gum procured from Apricot trees (Armenian Vulgaris Lam.), cultivated in different regions of Armenia annually in spring during juice motion period in 2010-2014 years. The quantity of polysaccharides in gum was determined by the method of gravimetric balance after drying. The quantitative ratio of monosaccharide in the examined polysaccharide complex was detected by the method of MRI. Results: By the methods of spectral analysis (PMR 1H and NMR 13C) the structure of Apricot gums polysaccharide fraction was detected. From the analysis of PMR 1H and NMR 13C spectra it is obvious that polysaccharide complex fraction is composed from the rest of \α- L-arabionopyranose, \β -L-arabionopyranose, \α- D-galactopyranose, \β -D-galactopyranose, \α -D-glucopyranose, \β -D-glucopyranose. Low molecular compounds in nonpolar fraction of apricot gum were determined by GC-MS method. The results show that in Rt1=22.5, Rt2=26.3, Rt3=31.4. Simple phenols were registered \– peaks of catechols{\textquoteleft} hydroquinones, pyrogallols, amounts of which are respectively 7.58\%, 4.27\%, 5.69\%.

}, keywords = {13C NMR, Apricot gum, Chemical structure, GC-MS, Simple phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.78}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/511}, author = {Chichoyan Naira Babken and Mamyan Suren and Shaboyan Naira and Melikyan Yelena} } @article {523, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Antimicrobial Activity in Leaf Extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {285-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the current study, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical constituents were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: The leaf extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were prepared by drying and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus into methanol and aqueous media, which were subjected to phytochemical screening. Total phenols, tannins, flavanols, alkaloids and its antioxidant activity were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity were determined using well diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract exhibits higher content of phenols, tannins, flavanols and alkaloids, whereas methanol extract exhibits higher content of anthocyanin and cardiac glycoside respectively. Aqueous extract exhibits higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value for DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2 radical scavenging assay and reducing power (RP) assay. The methanol extracts exhibited higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value in SO and NO radical scavenging assay, exhibiting antioxidant properties in five antioxidant models that were investigated. The methanol extract showed some antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zone ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. High antifungal activity was found against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans for methanol extract and moderate for aqueous extract with inhibitory zone ranging from 9mm to 26 mm. Conclusion: The finding of our study have suggested that the extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn, possesses a significant amount of phytochemicals and exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidants, Cerbera odollam. G, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.50}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/480}, author = {Abinash Sahoo and Thankamani Marar} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {473, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Aim: Calendula suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa Vahl, Medicinal and Aromatic plant, spontaneous and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Northeast of Algeria, is widely used by the local population for its medicinal properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Calendula suffruticosa was established for the first time using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, the FRAP assay and \β-carotene bleaching assay. Results: sixty-four compounds are identified by GC/MS analysis, six are predominant: \α-linoleic acid (24.20\%), linoleic acid (23.58\%), Stigmasterol (8.53\%), 2-Metyl-Z-4-tetradecene (6.62\%) And \α-Bisabolol (1.70\%). The free radical scavenging by DPPH method indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. suffruticosa showed a very high antioxydant activity with an IC50 = 0.017 \± 1.00 mg / ml. This extract also showed an ability to reduce very high iron with a maximum optical density of 1.157 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and an antioxidant activity compared to the \β-carotene / linoleic acid test of order of 75 \± 1.02\%. Conclusion: These results show for the first time the richness of phytochemicals and the strong antioxidant activity of the species Calendula suffruticosa endemic to north-east of Algeria.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Calendula suffruticosa, DPPH, FRAP, GC / MS, Phytochemical composition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.13}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/368}, author = {Sofiane Ismahene and Seridi Ratiba and Cortes Martinez Diego Miguel and Cabedo Nuria} } @article {703, title = {Phytochemical Constituents, Total Saponins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Vitamin C Contents of Ethanol Extracts of five Solanum torvum Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {946-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phytochemicals are frequently used in chemotherapeutic treatment or may be used as chemo preventive agents with chemoprevention. The study report the quantification of phytochemical constituents and vitamin C contents from ethanol extracts of Solanum torvum fruits. Method: The main objective for this research was to use standard procedures to determine phytochemical and vitamin C content. Results: The estimated alkaloids found in mature fruits were 6.32 \± 0.12 mg/g and 16.94 \± 2.3 mg/g in the immature fruits. Total saponins in mature and immature fruits were 8.60 \± 2.6 mg/g and 16.90 \± 9.4 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoids in mature and immature fruits were 21.14 \± 4.4 mg/g and 14.24 \± 1.8 mg/g respectively. Also vitamin C contents were 11.79 \± 2.0 mg/g in mature fruits and 8.70 \± 0.26 mg/g in immature fruits. With the exception of alkaloids whose difference in the mature and immature was significant, other differences obtained were not significant. Conclusion: The study showed that the extracts contain diversity of phytochemicals in appreciable amount that can expertly keep the body against oxidative stress triggered by free radicals and therefore be used as a source of potent natural products.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethanol Extract, Flavonoids, Phytochemicals, Saponins, Solanum torvum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.160}, author = {Desmond Ato Koomson and Benjamin Danso Kwakye and Williams Kweku Darkwah and Bismark Odum and Mabel Asante and Gideon Aidoo} } @article {602, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Screening for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Kariyat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {602-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study investigates the protective effect of Kariyat against Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in male wistar rats. Material Method: HPTLC and GC-MS investigations indicated presence of steroid, phenols, terpenoid, alkaloids, saponine, flavonoids. IBD was induced by administration of Indomethacin (7.5mg/kg b.w. S.c.), Acetic Acid (4\% v/v). Two different models used to induce IBD named Indomethacin induces enter colitis and Acetic Acid induces enter colitis in case of Indomethacin induces enter colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100 mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated (200 mg/kg b.w.) in case of Acetic Acid induces colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated(200mg/kg b.w.). After treatment of 7 days animals were sacrificed and colon was isolated for macroscopic and microscopic studies. Quantification of inflammation was done by using myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Lipid peroxidase (LPO). Result: Evaluation based on macroscopic features showed significantly lower score values for drug treated and standard drug treated groups compared to the disease control groups. Histological examination of disease control group showed massive necrosis of the mucosa and sub mucosa. Drug treated group showed mild lesions, regeneration and inflammatory reaction. The Prednisolone treated group showed suppressed inflammatory reaction. The results observed from MPO, LDH and LPO assays showed significant improvement of disease with extract treated groups compared to disease control group. Histopathological examination of Kariyat treated group revealed less damage compared to Indomethacin and Acetic Acid Induced group. Conclusion: Kariyat have shown to be effective in Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced colitis in rats, which has protected the animals against experimentally induced disease because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

}, keywords = {Indomithacin., Inflammatory bowel Disease, Kariyat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.99}, author = {Nilesh Balasaheb Chougule and Sachin Annasaheb Nitve and Kailasam Koumaravelou} } @article {697, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {841-853}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {841}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psoralea bituminosa L. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods: Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa\  showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetic neuropathy, Essential oil, Psoralea bituminosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.143}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi, Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {652, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction:Psoralea bituminosaL. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods:Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

Keywords:Psoralea bituminosa,Antidiabetic,Antioxidant,Essential oil,Diabetic neuropathy.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {484, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {128-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: This research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Methods: Samples from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix were extracted with 96\% ethanol. The propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) was dried and studied their antioxidant properties by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu, and total flavonoid contents were also quantitatively determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a microplate reader. The chemical compounds were identified by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MS mode. Results: The sequence of potential antioxidant activity of PEE is smooth propolis \> mix propolis \> rough propolis. Which showed by EC50 value with DPPH assays are 25.54; 31.66; and 69.96 \μg/mL, respectively and also showed by EC50 value with FRAP assays consecutively were 26.41; 32.10; and 34.62 \μg/mL.Smooth propolis has the lowest EC50 value of all the types of propolis examined, contains total flavonoid content 791.06+13.06 mg QE/g extract and total phenolics content 426.91+61.08 mg GAE.g-1 extract. Chemical component identified by UPLC-TOF-MS using the MSE mode were (-)-Sesamin C20H18O6; Curcumin C21H20O6; 8-epi- Helenalin C15H18O4; and Kushenol F C25H28O6. Conclusion: Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis. The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of Propolis.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, Microplate method, TFC, TPC, UPLC-TOF-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.23}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/409}, author = {Diah Kartika Pratami and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Andini Sundowo and Muhamad Sahlan} } @article {719, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies in Leaf Extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1208-1215}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1208}, abstract = {

Introduction: In traditional Indian herbal medicine, the plant Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) has been used to treat various human ailments. Methods and Results: Various phytochemical compounds (Rf value) such as Tannin (1.14), Flavonoid (1.14), Saponin (0.87), Sterol (0.88) and Phenol (0.86) were found in the leaf extract. The antimicrobial effects of the phytoconstituents were examined for three bacterial and fungal species. The highest anti-bacterial and antifungal activities were found in flavonoid compound, where the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus 18mm compared to positive control chloramphenicol (24mm). 13mm observed in A. flavus and A. ochraceous where positive control streptomycin exhibits 18mm. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds in 8\α (2H)-Phenanthrenol, 7-ethenyldodecahydro-1,1,4\α, 7-tetramethyl-, acetate, [4\αs(4\α\α, 4b\α, 7\α, 8\α\α, 10\α\α)], Benzoic acid, 4-methyl- , 2-oxo-2- phenylethyl ester and Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1\α,2\α,5\α)] in the crude extracts. The preparative HPLC analysis proved the presence of single peak from the crude flavonoid compounds, where the absorption maximum was between 207-290nm exhibited by the UV spectrum analysis. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of amide group, phenol group, carboxylic acid, alkynyl, alkene and aromatic ring. NMR studies proved the presence of phenyl group, methyl group and H2C-CH group and their molecular weight recorded as 353 through the mass spectrum analysis. Conclusion: The identified compound considered as the vital compound to design the \“green antimicrobial drugs\”.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, GC-MS, HPLC, Indigofera aspalathoides, MS, NMR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.207}, author = {Tamilarasan Tamil Kumar and Seeni Mohamed Salique and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Nooruddin Thajuddin and Annamalai Panneerselvam and Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha and Hussain Syed Jahangir} } @article {489, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {167-171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. Previous studies showed that black mulberry fruit has activity as antibacterial and antioxidant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract by measuring the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by the extract in cellular membrane of the bacteria. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract were also evaluated. Results: The antibacterial activity showed the most active extract was an ethanol extract of the stem bark against S. epidermidis and P. acnes with MIC value 4 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The extract also induced protein and ion leakage in test bacterial cells. SEM findings revealed that the extract induced potential cellular membrane damage in 4xMIC. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall.

}, keywords = {Cellular membrane damage., Morus nigra, Propionibacterium Acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.28}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/414}, author = {Diah Lia Aulifa and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Seno Aulia Ardiansyah and Diki Prayugo Wibowo and Yolanda Armiliani Julata and Desty Santi Christy} } @article {760, title = {Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielson (Julang Jaling) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s77-s82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by \α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC50 7.77 \μg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity. Key words: Phytochemical screening, Mass spectrometry

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Archidendron bubalinum, Mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.15}, author = {Hanafi and Candra Irawan and Henny Rochaeni and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Achmad Nandang Roziafanto and Supriyono} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {707, title = {Phytochemical Test and Cytotoxic Activity of Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1012-1017}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Intoduction: Marine resource of macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii from East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, have potential as anti-cervical cancer agent. Objectives: Finding cytotoxic activity of Eucheuma cottonii hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts against cervical HeLa cells by MTT cell proliferation assay. Methods: The extracts was tested in phytochemical and cytotoxic activity test. Phytochemical test to identify composition of secondary metabolite such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid and glycoside. The amount of substances contained in the extract sample was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxic activity using HeLa cells. Results: Phytochemical test of E. cottonii extracts showed the positive result for metabolite of flavonoid, whereas the TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing five chemical compounds. Ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of E. cottonii exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against cervical HeLa cells with IC50 of 7.54 \μg/mL, 5.73 \μg /mL, 4.82 \μg /mL and 4.34 \μg / mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii could be used as a new anti-cervical cancer\’s candidate.

}, keywords = {Anti-cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Eucheuma cottonii, HeLa cell lines, Phytochemical test, Seaweed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.172}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {557, title = {Potential Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {513-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was conducted to identify some bioactive compounds of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome and to test as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Methods: The milled dried rhizome of B. Rotunda (5kg) was extracted exhaustively with ethanol. The ethanol extract was partitioned three times by n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate respectively. Each fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and then purified by column chromatography gravitation. Structural identification of all pure compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and NMR).The antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial character was screened for activities againts pathogenic bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans by the disk-diffusion method. The assay was done in triplicate, and chloramphenicol was used as the positive control. Results and Discussion: From ethanol extract of B. rotunda three known compounds of flavanones, namely 2\’,4\’-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone (compound-1), 5-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavanone (compound-2), and 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (compound-3) were isolated. The ethanol extract of B. rotunda and the three isolated compounds -1,-2, and -3 showed an antioxidant activity with the IC value of 92.64; 46.66; 62.84, and 62.66 \μg/mL, respectively. The zone of inhibition of extract and the three isolated compounds showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.The maximum zone of inhibition was 13.20\±0.76 mm at the maximum concentration used (500 \μg/mL) against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) for each bacteria was found to be 0.5\μg/mL. Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that B. rotunda rhizome contains potential bioactive compounds which could be suitable for antioxidant and the treatment of various infections caused by Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC- 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Bioactive compound, Boesenbergia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.84}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/517}, author = {Sri Atun and Sri Handayani and Anna Rakhmawati} } @article {633, title = {Potential Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Attenuating LID in Mice Model of Parkinson Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {700-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

Purpose: Parkinson\’s disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases, known with tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia resulted from chronic degeneration and death of sub thalamic nucleus (STN). According to the treatment benefits of levodopa on Parkinson, long-term levodopa administration causes some complications called levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) with poorly understood pathogenesis. Literature shows that polyphenol rich compound like pomegranate protect neurons of animals that are Parkinson induced, with some controversy. Objectives: In this study, the potential effects of pomegranate in attenuating LID in parkinsonian mice induced with 4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were investigated. Materials: Mouse model of PD was induced by MPTP. To induce LID, valid PD mice were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days. Then the effects of chronic co-administration of pomegranate juice (20 ml/kg) orally, with levodopa and continuing for another 20 days, evaluated. Behavioural tests were performed in all groups, every other day including: Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), cylinder and catatonia tests. Results: Levodopa in chronic administration induced dyskinesia that observed in AIMs and cylinder tests for 3 weeks when compared to untreated animals (P\<0.05 or 0.01) depending the time course). Besides, catatonia was recorded after two weeks and mounted time-dependently compared to control (P\<0.01). Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved AIMs scores for next 20 days (P\<0.01, in following days, compared to no-pomegranate treated group), attenuated cylinder scores and catatonia rates dramatically and time dependently (P\<0.01). Conclusion: Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved movements in all test results. It is then, concluded that pomegranate can be a good adjunct for attenuating LID and catatonia in mice.

}, keywords = {Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), Mice, MPTP, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Pomegranate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/654}, author = {Sarah Rezaee and Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy} } @article {564, title = {Preliminary of Pharmacokinetics Study of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria decurrens Bory) Extract in Colon Cancer Model Mice Induced by AOM (Azoxymethane) and DSS (Dextran Sodium Sulphate)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {567-570.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {567}, abstract = {

Introduction: Colon Cancer is one of leading cancer that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, causes 774,000 deaths. Fucoxanthin contained brown seaweed Bory) extracts showed cytotoxic activity by and study, including colon cancer. This study aims to examine the absorption profile of fucoxanthin in blood plasma on colon cancer model mice. Methods: Mice were induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and two cycle dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were given an extract of brown seaweed Bory that contain fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin content in blood plasma analyzed using mobile phase methanol: acetonitrile by Reversed- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Results: The maximum concentration of fucoxanthin in blood was at 4 hours after administration, and the plasma concentration is 2.15 nmol/L, T1/2 6.25 h, and AUC 10.75 nmol/L/h Conclusions: The method was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study and the resulting oral brown seaweed bioavailability calculated.

}, keywords = {Brown seaweed, Colon cancer, Fucoxanthin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.92}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/525}, author = {Nurul Qurrota{\textquoteright}Ayun and Astria Deviyani Zakaria and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {596, title = {Profile of HMGB1 mRNA Expression and TLR4 Protein in BALB/c Mice Model Sterile Injury after Systemic Lidocaine Administration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {586-589}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {586}, abstract = {

Background: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine proinflamation which contributes to inflammation. HMGB1 physically interacts with toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) to release macrophage cytokines. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of systemic lidocaine administration to inhibit the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice BALB/c mice with sterile injury. Material and Methods: Twenty adult male BALB/c mice were divided into lidocaine and control groups. A sterile injury is done by closed fracturing the left thigh bone of the mice. The lidocaine group was treated with 2 mg/kgBW lidocaine through tail vein injection after 4 h of sterile injury. The control group was given distilled water therapy as a substitute for lidocaine. Mice blood is extracted from the tail vein before trauma, 4 h after trauma, and 2 h after the administration of lidocaine and distilled water is complete. The HMGB1 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) while the TLR4 protein level was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer\’s instructions. Result: The HMGB1 mRNA expression and TLR4 protein levels in BALB/c that sustained inflammation due to a sterile injury was significantly decreased in the lidocaine group (p \< 0.00). Conclusion: Administration systemic 2 mg/kgBW of lidocaine is effectively inhibits HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice that sustain inflammation due to a sterile injury.\ 

}, keywords = {HMGB1 mRNA, lidocaine, Sterile injury, TLR4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.96}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/529}, author = {Robert Hotman Sirait and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri K.Arief and Tigor P. Simanjuntak and Bambang Suprayogi} } @article {628, title = {Protective Effect of Dietary Curcumin and Capsaicin on LPS-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {725-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of combined curcumin and capsaicin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced organ damage in mice. Methods: Adult male albino mice were distributed into five experimental groups for treatment with olive oil, LPS, curcumin, capsaicin and their combination, respectively, for 7 days prior to LPS induced inflammation. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of serum non-specific enzymes including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), urea, creatinine and sugar, while the organ homogenates were subjected for the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutothione S transferase (GST), nitric oxide (NO); lipid peroxidation (LPO) and it was further confirmed by histopathological study of different organs. Results and Conclusion: Curcumin, capsaicin and their combination had shown significant restoration of non-specific serum enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and attenuated inflammatory cells infiltration thereby preventing tissue/organ damage in LPS-challenged mice. However, the protective effect was found to be more when the two compounds were fed in combination. This beneficial potency of combined spice treatment is may be due to the contribution of diversified active moieties of curcumin and capsaicin in combination compared to individual molecules.

}, keywords = {Capsaicin, Curcumin, Lipid peroxidation, LPS, Septic shock, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.121}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/659}, author = {Thriveni Vasanthkumar and Manjunatha Hanumanthappa and Prabhakar BT} } @article {598, title = {Purified Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Capable of Inhibiting the Growth of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {559-566}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

The present study aims in vitro cell suspension culture of Bridelia retusa, isolation of anthocyanin, purification, fractionation and its anti-metastatic potential against oral squamous carcinoma cells. Experimental results reveal that 2, 4-D either alone or in combination with kinetin supplemented in MS medium showed significant initiation of callus from leaf explants than stem. Growth hormones, pH, light, and carbon source influence anthocyanin synthesis. Maximum callus induction was noticed with 2.5 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (98.9\%). Fresh and dry weight of the calli were i.e., 1.9 \± 0.04 and 0.45 \± 0. 03 g respectively. Optimal response was seen with light on MS medium contain 4\% glucose + 2.5 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2, 4-D at pH 3.5 yielded 2.8 mg /g of anthocyanins. Suspension culture medium fortified with 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L) + BA (2 mg/L) at pH 5.0 induced anthocyanin production at pH 4.4 \– 4.6. HCl-ethanol extraction for 90 min yielded the maximum anthocyanin content. Fractionation of anthocyanin using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry revealed 07 fractions such as acylated cyanidins, two peonidins, cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl and feruloyl diglucoside-5-glucosides. In the search of novel therapeutic drugs against cancer, cytotoxicity effect of B.retusa anthocyanin extracts on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25) cells using cell adhesion and cell viability assay was carried. The morphological alterations in SCCs cells after treatment with B.retusa anthocyanin includes nuclear condensation, fragmentation and apoptotic cells as revealed by Hoechst stain. Flow cytometry showed arresting of SCC25 cells mostly in the G0/G1 and S-G2/M stages with a concomitant up regulation of sub-G1 fraction, indicating cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis was further substantiated by the activation of caspase-3 expression in the SCC25 cells treated with B.retusa anthocyanin. Thus, it is possible to suggest that B.retusa anthocyanin cause apoptosis of SCCs and warrant further investigation using animal models.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Anti-metastatic potential, Apoptosis, Bridelia retusa, Cell suspension, in vitro culture, Purification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.91}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/524}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Bosco Lawarence and Manoj GS and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {561, title = {Purified Anthocyanin, its Elicitation from Cell Cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum {\textquoteleft}Baby Rainbow{\textquoteright}and it{\textquoteright}s In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis by MTT Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {553-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Background: According to recent statistics, cancer accounts about marked percentage of total deaths in the world, although there are many therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity properties of most chemotherapy drug are nonspecific and therefore do not distinguish between normal healthy cells and tumor cells, these events have led to inappropriate and toxic therapeutic agents with a wide range of side effects. However, several experimental and epidemiological studies have suggested that fruits and vegetables are associated with low risk of various types of cancer. Anthocyanins are natural pigments that provide intense purple to red color in plants. Anthocyanin possess the ability to inhibit oxidative stress and to induce apoptosis in malignant cells, thus may prevent carcinogenesis. Methods: Antiproliferative properties of purified anthocyanin extract from elicited cell suspension cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ was investigated in terms of MTT assay. Anthocyanin extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of HT29 (colon cancer cells), MG63 (Osteosarcoma), HeLa (Cervical cancer cells) and L929 (Mouse Fibroblast L929) cell lines. Results: Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the considered cell lines treated with anthocyanin extracts. The extract of Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against all tumor cell lines than Begonia malabarica extract. Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ anthocyanin extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards HT29 and HeLa cell lines respectively. But, MG63 resulted in comparatively higher percentage of viability of cell lines at the same concentrations. The anthocyanin extract produced significant morphological alterations on cell lines in culture. Meanwhile, the extracts showed poor cytotoxicity against the normal cell line. Conclusion: The morphological alteration of the treated cancer cells presented clear evidence of significant cytotoxicity of anthocyanin extracts of both Begonias in all the three cell lines. Thus, anthocyanin may act as chemopreventive agents for various cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Begonia, Cancer, Cell suspension., Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.90}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/523}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {377, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Stem and Root Bark: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) is a large tree indigenous to China. It is known as the \“Tree of Heaven\”, used in traditional medicine in many parts of Asia, including China to treat cold, gastric diseases, diarrhea and endoparasites. It is also used as a bitter aromatic drug and as an antitumoral. Objective: The present study deals with comparative pharmacognostical parameters for the bark of stem and root of Ailanthus altissima, Mill. Swingle. Materials and Methods: The stem and root bark were collected, shade dried and powdered plant material was studied for its proximate values by standard methods. The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various phytoconstituents. Results: Proximate analysis revealed that the dry plant powder of stem bark has 6.48 \% total ash, 0.42\% acid insoluble ash, 4.60 \% water soluble ash and for root bark 7.22 \% total ash, 0.74\% acid insoluble ash, 5.98 \% water soluble ash. The Loss on drying for stem and root bark were found out to be 6.62 \% and 10.46 \% respectively. The stem and root bark of plant powder were found to possess phytoconstituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed the behaviour of the plant powder when treated with different chemical reagents. Conclusion: The present study reveals the preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of stem and root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Fluorescence analysis, Proximate Analysis, Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.106}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.106/index.html}, author = {Weekar Younus Raja and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Ishtiyaq Ahmad Chashoo} } @article {255, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Standardization of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {221-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Tea or also known as Camellia sinensis (Theaceae family) is the most popular plant and beverage in the world because of the sensory properties, prices are relatively cheap, stimulant effects, and their potential health benefits but white tea is not widely known. White tea is made from unfermented tea leaves young shoots protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenols degradation which inhibits of the chlorophyll formation and causing the white color on the leaf buds. Objective: The objective of research and development of herbal medicine is to improve the quality and safety of natural products. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopical features of the leaf have been analysis using an optical microscope and fragment analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical and physico-chemical analysis were evaluated. The observation of the FTIR spectrum profiles is done by interpreting the typical peak that appears. Results: The leaf has actinocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, heterogenous mesophyll which is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and sclereid cells. Phytochemical analysis indicated resources the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins.The content of polyphenol from white tea leaves ethanolic extract is 35.73\% with the largest concentration of catechins is 18.84\% and 17.43\% tannins. The derivative content of catechins is EGCG with 7.37\%. FTIR analysis showed functional groups of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic and phytochemicals features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard which can play an important role in its standardization.

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physico-chemicals, Phytochemicals, Theaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.37}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Lia Ardiana and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {373, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Analgesic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {644-653}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

Background: Euphorbia dracunculoides L is available in market in raw form. It is used by people for the treatment of warts, snake bite and epilepsy. Present study is about Euphorbia dracunculoides L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, comprises pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic study was carried out through sensory organs like size, shape, texture etc. Physiochemical analysis was carried out through proper procedure from relevant literature, and analgesic activity was done through proper method by following literature. Results: Macroscopic study showed that the plant is an annual herb, stem is branched from the base, yellow green at the bottom and light green at the top, glabrous, smooth, contains white latex, its leaves are sessile, alternate, dark green, simple, stipulated, sub-acute or acute at the apex and entire margin. Root is yellowish in colour, conical in shape, smooth texture, downward in position. Powder drug study which was performed revealed various structures. Phytochemical screening includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis which was carried out indicated the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, sterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Proximate analysis showed proteins, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, moisture contents and ash. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of macro and micronutrients i-e Na, Zn, Mg and Fe, Cu, Ag and Au. Analgesic effect was dose dependent. Plant extract showed maximum inhibition of writhing 1.66\±0.32 (96.61\%) at 300 \μg/ml. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy is helpful in the standardization of drug.

}, keywords = {Analgesic activity., Euphorbia Dracunculoides L. Macroscopic Study, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physio chemical Analysis, Powder Drug Study, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.102}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.102/index.html}, author = {Umbreen Khattak and Rehman Ullah and Shafqat Ali Khan and Barkatullah and Sami Ullah and Saima} } @article {453, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Determination of Secondary Plant Metabolites by HPTLC and its Antioxidant Activity in Myrica esculenta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s103-s106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae) is commonly known as Box Berry, Kaiphal, and Katphala in Ayurveda. As per the Ayurvedic literature the palnt is used for variety of diseases and disorders. Method: The present study deals with the pharmacognostical standardization, HPTLC analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolict extracts of the leaves of M. esculenta. The plant showed high phenolic and flavonoid content. In-vitro antioxidant study of dried leaves of Myrica esculanta was performed using methanolic extract. Results: Antioxidant activity of M. esculenta methanolic extract showed the least IC50 value of 60 \± 1.15 \μg/ml. Standard ascorbic acid showed an IC50 value of 2.03 \± 0.06 \μg/ml. The calibration curve of Gallic acid showed r2 of 0.949 and Rf of gallic acid was found to be 0.44 \± 0.006. Quantification of gallic acid in the samples of leaves of M. esculenta has been performed and the gallic acid was found to be 0.056\%. Conclusion: The presence of gallic acid has not yet been reported and quantified in this species which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the drug. The present study showed new natural antioxidant that can replace the synthetic ones to be used in foods and cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Gallic acid, HPTLC, Myrica Esculenta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.165}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/390}, author = {Prashant Kumar and Abhishek Gupta and Anita Singh} } @article {446, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation \& Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s56-s63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s56}, abstract = {

Background: Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (family Orchidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant. It is used in breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. It is vital component of Ayurvedic formulation \“Astavarga\” with trade name \“Jeevak means vitality of life. Despite the common utilization of this plant, no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity. Aim: The present study was carried to evaluate pharmacognostic evaluation and the potential of C. acuminatum as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, histochemical, microscopic, physicochemical, extractive yield were studied to standardise pharmacognostic characters and well diffusion method were carried out for antimicrobial activity. Five extracts viz. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and aqueous were evaluated against 4 bacterial strains viz. E. coli (MTCC 40), S. aureus (MTCC 87), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), B. subtilis (MTCC 121). Results: The diagnostic characters were evaluated and documented. All the extracts showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion:\ Obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph. The work confirms that the studied plant has potent antimicrobial activity and has potential for antimicrobial drug. These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of this plant as antimicrobial drug.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach, Histochemical, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.158}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/382}, author = {Mamta Arora and Gurjinder Kaur and Parvinderdeep S Kahlon and Anupama Mahajan and Jaspreet K Sembi} } @article {424, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Stem Wood Extracts of Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {887-894}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., a plant known for its fruits, used as a traditional medicine to treat skin diseases including hydrocele, pimple, heal sores, cracks in the skin. Pharmacological studies on the bark, root, leaf and fruit extracts of this species support their significance as antioxidants, as well as their efficacy on diuretic, antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiulcer activity. Methods: The present study focused on microscopic study, phytochemical analysis, HPLC and HPTLC finger print evaluation of leaf and stem wood extracts. Results: Microscopic analysis demonstrates its characteristic parameters namely hairy trichomes, pearl glands, vascular bundles, epidermis and is expected to assist easy identification of the genus. Conclusion: The solvent system, chloroform:methanol (8:2) was found to be the best as TLC eluent to visualize all major components of this species. HPLC and HPTLC finger prints not only confirm the presence of two major components, oxyresveratrol and artocarpin in stem wood extract, but also prove their absence in the leaf extract.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., HPLC., HPTLC finger prints, microscopy, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/192}, author = {Mahadeva Nayak and Ananthanarayanan Nagarajan and Muhammed Majeed} } @article {402, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Investigations of Hypericum hookerianum Wight \& Arn. (Hypericaceae) of Palni Hills, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {750-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn. (Hooker\’s wort) is a lesser known unfamiliar yet critically endangered native therapeutically active native medicinal plant. It is being characterized by the presence of various secretory glands. Methodology: In this present study, characterization of the plant in terms of morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of tissues and phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials were made. Results: The epidermal layer contains oil cells while histochemistry showed the presence of the secondary metabolites. Qualitative analysis indicated presence of maximum phytocompounds in the high polar ethanolic extract; flavonoids, anthocyanin and phenol are prominently present and quantified. Conclusion: The results suggest that the less studied herb, H. hookerianum is a multifaceted high value species having a wide range of phytochemicals with abundant medicinal properties.

}, keywords = {Hypericum hookerianum, Palni Hills., Pharmacognosy, Physiochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/171}, author = {Mahendrakumar M and Nirmalraj S and Ravikumar M and Bharath B and Seeni S and Perinbam K} } @article {532, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Mangiferin Content of Aquilaria crassna Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background:\ Aquilaria\ crassna\ Pierre ex Lecomte (Thymelaeaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant in many aspects. Previous research has revealed that A. crassna leaves contain mangiferin as an active compound. Although the active component has been investigated, the pharmacognostic specification and quantification of mangiferin from A. crassna leaves have never been established. Objective: The current study aimed to conduct and develop a pharmacognostic standard according to WHO guidance as well as the validated method for quantifying mangiferin content. Materials and Methods: Dried A. crassna leaves from 15 separated locations throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their mangiferin contents were quantitatively analysed by TLC densitometry with win CATS software. Results: Macroscopic-, microscopic- characteristics and TLC fingerprinting combined with physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The loss on drying, moisture content, and total ash content as well as acid-insoluble ash content were determined to be 8.62 \± 0.13, 8.16 \± 0.14, 6.82 \± 0.09 and 1.49 \± 0.03\%, respectively. Ethanol- and waterextractive values were found to be 9.05 \± 0.39 and 16.94 \± 0.22 \%, respectively. In addition, the validation method for quantifying the mangiferin content was developed. The contents of mangiferin in A. crassna leaf extract determined by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 1.2992 \± 0.5980 and 1.3036 \± 0.5874 \% by dried weight, respectively. The results between these two analytical methods were shown to have an insignificant difference. Conclusion: This study provides the necessary information for authentication and standardisation of A. crassna leaves.

}, keywords = {Aquilaria crassna leaves, Mangiferin, Pharmacognostic specification, TLC image analysis, TLC-densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.51}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/481}, author = {Worathat Thitikornpong and Boonsri Ongpipattanakul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {241, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Triterpenoids Constituents of the Medicinally Important Plant Plumeria rubra f. rubra by HPTLC technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {135-141}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96\% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051\%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014\% and 0.018\%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Pharmacognosy, Plumeria rubra f. rubra, standardization, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.23}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/290}, author = {Gunja Srivastava and Abhishek Gupta and Manjul Pratap Singh and Anurag Mishra} } @article {355, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and HPLC Analysis of Roots of Helicteres isora (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {523-527}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {523}, abstract = {

Background: The juice of roots of Helicteres isora Linn. has been widely used as an antidiabetic in traditional medicine. Objective: The present study deals with pharmacognostical studies and determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora by new HPLC method. Materials and methods: Detailed study of morphological, microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening of roots were carried out. The sapogenins were isolated from the roots of H. isora. RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for estimation of oleanolic acid from the sapogenins of roots of H. isora. Results: Detailed quality control parameters of roots of H. isora were reported. Total content of oleanolic acid was 0.075\%w/w from roots of H. isora determined by HPLC. Conclusion: The present study is useful for accurate identification and authentication of roots of H. isora. The HPLC method for determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora is efficient, precise, reliable and sensitive and can be adopted for routine analysis.

}, keywords = {Helicteres isora, HPLC, Oleanolic acid, Sapogenins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.84}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.84}, author = {Pinal A. Harde and Mamta B. Shah} } @article {247, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Nephroprotective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Trichosanthes cucumerina in Acute Renal Failure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {176-184}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research work unearthed not only pharmacognostic features of the seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina but also the nephroprotective activity of 60\% hydro alcoholic extract against Cisplatin-induced Wistar rat model. Materials and methods: Present study dealt with the detailed pharmacognostic study of the seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina. 60\% hydro alcoholic extract was prepared by hot extraction method. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Based on acute toxicity studies nephroprotective effect of the extract was screened at 200 and 400 mg/kg, b. w. in curative and prophylactic regimen. Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by administration of Cisplatin (5mg/kg, b.w. i.p. as a single dose). Nephroprotective activity was assessed by estimating serum markers and urinary functional parameters supported by anti-oxidant studies and histopathological aspects. Results: Microscopic studies showed that the seed coat had outer aerenchymatous tissue, inner parenchymatous tissue and innermost compact lines of sclereids. Physicochemical evaluation yielded alcohol and water soluble extractive values of 20.8 and 8.05\%w/w. Total ash, acid insoluble and water soluble ash values were 7.15, 6.45 and 0.5 respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colours to the seed powder when observed under visible and UV light. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was indicated by increased levels of serum markers and urinary functional parameters which were reversed by the extract in dose dependent manner. The results were substantiated by anti-oxidant studies and histopathological studies. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina in crude form. Present study revealed that hydroalcoholic extract attenuated the nephrotoxicity and provided the strengthened scientific evidence for the use of seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina in nephrotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidants, Cisplatin, Histopathological studies, Pharmacognostic studies, Trichosanthes cucumerina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.29}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/296}, author = {Doppalapudi Prasanthi and Sreedevi Adikay} } @article {331, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Analysis of Cleome viscosa L. Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Aim: The seeds of Cleome viscosa L. are used to treat tumor, emesis, diarrhea, epilepsy and hyperthermia. Seeds are used to heal wound also. In order to ensure the use of only genuine and uniform material in treatment of ailments by herbs and herbal formulations, pharmacognostical standardization and physiochemical parameters evaluation is needed. Methods: Morphological and powder microscopic characters of seed powder were studied. The physiochemical parameters studied were LOD, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble, sulphated ash, extractives, volatile oil content and crude fibre content etc. Further, florescence analysis and element analysis of seed powder was performed by undergoing chemical reaction +UV method and EDAX method respectively. Results: Brown colored seeds with rough seed surface with seed size 0.1 cm were recorded. The pods were brown coloured when air dried. They were 4-5 cm long containing 8-12 small seeds. Powder microscopic study revealed the presence of fragment of epidermis of testa, groups of cells resembling like stone cells and irregularly shaped protein bodies were observed. Florescence Analysis revealed the presence of chromophores. EDAX analysis showed the presence of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca and Cu etc in different amount. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and physiochemical parameters were established which would facilitate quick identification and selection of the herbal drugs from various adulterants.

}, keywords = {Cleome viscosa L., Crude fibre, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.63}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.63}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {696-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {696}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate pharmacognostical and physico-chemical standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried leaves with powder samples of E. neriifolia were examined macroscopically and microscopically. As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and World Health Organization guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants materials suggested parameters were determined for standardization of E. neriifolia leaves. Physico-chemical, primary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative screenings along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting assessment were performed. Results: Macroscopic examination demonstrated that fresh leaf of E. neriifolia has dark green in colour, herbaceous odour with characteristic taste. Dried leafs are grey brownish in colour, characteristic odour with broken crumpled and papery fracture. Microscopy of leaf showed the single layered thick rectangular or tubular adaxial epidermal cells. Mesophyll tissue was differentiated into two or three layered adaxial zones of radially elongated palisade cells and wider abaxial spongy mesophyll cells revealed the differentiated dorsiventral lamina. Mid-rib composed of epidermis, collenchymas and spongy parenchyma cells. Physico-chemical parameters like, foreign matter was found to be 0.46\%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found 6.33\%, 1.23\% and 6\% respectively. Loss on drying was found to be 4.69\%. Swelling and foaming index was found 11.7 ml and 333 ml respectively. Quantitative screening suggested that the leaf powder has indicated alkaloid and saponin estimation as 0.26\% and 3.67\% respectively. The HPTLC fingerprinting of EN6 extract fraction was showed the Rf values at 254 nm with their respective UV-visible spectrum wavelengths scanned in between 200-400 nm. They are 0.01 (265 nm), 0.05 (369 nm), 0.09 (263 nm, 264 nm), 0.18 (400 nm), 0.20 (279 nm), 0.31 (400 nm), 0.44 (378 nm), 0.45 (382 nm), 0.54 (377 nm), 0.55 (383 nm), 0.62 (400 nm), etc. at different concentrations of sample application. The HPTLC plate was also scanned at 366 nm and 540 nm. Conclusion: The present investigation is an additional standardization research in support with previous reports and will be helpful for qualitative and quantitative standardization of herbal formulations containing E. neriifolia. Further investigations are going on this extract fraction in reference to identification, quantification and validation of HPTLC methods using various standard marker compounds along with exploration of its pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia Neriifolia, HPTLC., Macroscopic, Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.110}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.110/index.html}, author = {Prashant Y. Mali and Shital S. Panchal} } @article {250, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization \& Phytochemical Evaluation of Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites Bark \& Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {196-200}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites (Annonaceae) includes species distributed widely in the tropical areas. Whole plant of Alphonsea sclerocarpa is traditionally believed for its eminent therapeutic benefits. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the Pharmacognostical parameters for standardization. Physicochemical and Phytochemical analysis was also carried out to establish quality control parameters for the drug. Methods: Morphoanatomical (Transverse Section of Leaf Lamina \& Margin, Radial Longitudinal Section \& Tangential Longitudinal Section of phloem in bark) and Powder microscopic analysis were carried out by employing Formalin fixed as well Macerated specimens. Physicochemical Parameters like Loss on drying, Ash Value, Extractive values etc were carried out as per WHO guidelines. Phytochemical Analysis was also carried out and the phytochemical profile was established. Results: Transverse section of Leaf revealed the presence of Plano convex vascular bundles. Ensheathed by a bundle of sclerenchyma. Transverse section of bark has shown the presence of highly compressed, heavily suberised phellem cells. Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) revealed the presence of Spindle shaped bi or Multi seriate medullary rays. In Radial longitudinal section (RLS) the phloem cells appear rectangular and thin walled. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of Fibres, fibre-tracheids and Calcium oxalate crystals. Total ash value of Bark \& Leaf was found to be 8.75 \& 7 \% respectively. Conclusion: The established Pharmacognostical, Physico-chemical \& Phytochemical parameters will suffice for establishing Monographs for the plant drug.

}, keywords = {Monograph, Radial Longitudinal Section, standardization, Tangential Longitudinal Section}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.32}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/299}, author = {Venkata Naga Anantha Sandhya Rani Nandyala and Kothapalli Bonnoth Chandrasekhar} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {399, title = {Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {729-736}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {729}, abstract = {

Background: Fasciolosis is one of the most debilitating diseases caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Snail Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae is the intermediate host of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematode. Aim of the present study is to explore the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyllin in visible spectral band against Fasciola gigantica carrier snail Indoplanorbis exustus. Methods: Chlorophyll was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin in 100\% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. Ten snails Indoplanorbis exustus were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin in sunlight as well as exposed to different visible spectral band of light. Results: Pure chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 6.54 mg/l) in sunlight was more toxic than extracted chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 939.65 mg/l). There was a significant variation in the toxicity of chlorophyllin with snails, exposed to visible spectral band of light. The highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against I. exustus was noted in yellow light (96 h LC50 2016.79 mg/l) and green light (96 h LC50 2433.16 mg/l). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study reveals that the active molluscicidal component extracted in spinach leaves is chlorophyllin. Conclusion: Due to the photodynamic nature of chlorophyllin, it has the potential to control the population of vector snails and ultimately fasciolosis in developing countries.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciolosis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Photodynamic Product, Visible light band.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.115}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/168}, author = {Divya Chaturvedi and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {397, title = {Phytochemical and Quality Assessment of Acacia nilotica Linn and Acacia leucophloea willd Flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {721-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {721}, abstract = {

Objective: The quality criteria for herbal drugs are based on a clear scientific definition of the raw material. Even though global herbal resources have a great potential as natural drugs and are of great commercial importance, they are very often procured and processed without any scientific evaluation, and launched onto the market without any mandatory safety and toxicology studies. On that basis, an attempt was made on a well-known herbal drug A.nilotica flower and A.leucophloea flower by evaluation of phytochemical and toxicological parameters like heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticide residues. Method: The procedures recommended in AOAC, ASTA were followed to determine analysis of heavy metals, aflatoxins, microbial load and pesticide residues. Thin layer chromatographic technique was used to separate the chemical compounds present in the drug. Result and Conclusion: Results obtained during this experiment revealed that heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticidal residues were variable but found within the prescribed limits. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the catechin phytoconstituents is absent in A.leucophloea flowers when compared with A.nilotica flowers. Hence, there is an urgent need for mandatory evaluation of these parameters in every crude drug before further processing to ensure safety and efficacy of Indian medicinal plants for better acceptance at International platform. The study revealed specific identities for the particular crude drug which will be useful in identification and control to adulterations of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {A. leucophloea, A. nilotica flowers, Phytochemical, TLC and Catechin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/166}, author = {Raju Ilavarasan and Leela Vadivelu} } @article {432, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Flavonoids Compounds in Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Leaf by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {942-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leucas aspera is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian medical system and it belongs to Lamiaceae family. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link (L. aspera) belongs to Leucas genus, widely distributed throughout India. L. aspera has many vernacular names and is commonly known as Thumbai. Flavonoid is a phenolic compound which is widely distributed in the plants and responsible for many biological activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gives a broad idea to the researchers for their further research. Methods: In this present study, we did a preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and fingerprinting profile of flavonoids compounds using five different solvent extracts obtained from leaves of L. aspera. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds in L. aspera. Higher concentration of total flavonoid compounds was noted in ethanol extract compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts. A densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) study showed more number of flavonoid compounds are present in ethanol extract compared to other solvents. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed, L. aspera leaf is a rich source of flavonoid content and it can be used to alleviate many chronic illness and various diseases. This study results warrants for further isolation, identification and characterization of active principle which is responsible for the biological activity.

}, keywords = {Chromatographic, Fingerprinting, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Leucas aspera.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.147}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/200}, author = {Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Swaminathan Gomathi} } @article {439, title = {Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Six Wild Mushroom Species Collected From the Shai Hills Reserve of Ghana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s16-s22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s16}, abstract = {

Objective: Six different mushroom species (Termitomyces, Ganoderma, Amauroderma, Mycena, Marasmus and an unknown) were studied to ascertain their phytochemical and antioxidant properties and determine their TLC analysis of methanolic extracts. Materials and Methods:\ The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) model was employed to determine free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of the mushrooms, aluminum chloride calorimetric method for flavonoid, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for retention factor and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) for macro and micronutrients. Results:\ Phytochemical analyses of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of antioxidants, phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant values (IC50 (g/ml)) ranged from 1.56 x 10-4 to 21.07 x10-4.Total phenol content ranged between 2.54 and 17.53 mg/g GAE with a mean of about 11.27 mg/g GAE. Total flavonoid content also ranged from 5.46 to 23.75 mg/g RUE with a mean of 13.41 mg/g RUE. Micronutrients such as cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were determined. Also macronutrients determined included, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Sodium ranged the highest with values ranging 6966.67 mg/L to 9600.00 mg/L followed by iron ranging from 1613.67 to 3040.00 mg/L. Percentage crude protein ranged between 11.09 \% and 28.24 \%. Alkaloid was present in only Mycena sp and Ganoderma sp with a band each of Rf value of 0.49. A total of 18 different bands were recorded for flavonoid with Rf values that ranged between 0.20 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the mushroom samples in this study recorded higher values. This indicates that mushrooms have high antioxidant properties and rationalizes further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extracts, Flavonoids, Mushrooms, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.152}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/376}, author = {Ebenezer Owusu and Gladys Schwinger and Matilda Dzomeku and Mary Obodai and Isaac Asante} } @article {425, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacognostic Standardization of Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {895-899}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Polycarpaea corymbosa is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated for boils, inflammatory swellings, and ulcers. Aim: The present study is an attempt to generate and encompass the data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop a validated HPTLC method for quantification of lupeol in P. corymbosa. Materials and Methods: The whole plant was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, erect or spreading herb with linear leaf and silvery-white cymes. Microscopically root can be connoted by continuous or discontinuous concentric rings of xylem and phloem; stem by papillose epidermis with multicellular branched collapsed and glandular trichomes, sclerenchymatous pericycle and hollow pith; and leaf by numerous collateral meristele enclosed within parenchymatous bundle sheath. Further studies evinced that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids, phenolics and saponins were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. Conclusion: The information demonstrated on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPTLC method for estimation of lupeol for Polycarpaea corymbosa, would aid as coherent measures for its assessment.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Parpata, Pharmacognostic study, Polycarpaea corymbosa.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.140}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/193}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {447, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s64-s68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s64}, abstract = {

Background: The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Objective: In this study the rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for phytochemical parameters \& antimicrobial activity by determining its MIC (by checker board method) and zone of inhibition (by cup plate method). Phytochemical parameters were studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species. This study was also designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of H. spicatum against various diarrhea and dysentery causing drug resistant microorganisms isolated from patients admitted in hospitals. Methods and Material: The raw materials of H. spicatum were procured from the local supplier. Various Microbial strains included various drug resistant hospital isolates collected and characterized in the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, India. Results: It was evident from the results that the extract was highly active against Shigella boydii, Shigella. soneii, Shigella flexneri, B. cereus, Vibrio cholera, E. coli, S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The result of determination of zone of inhibition was compared with that of standard drug (Ciprofloxacin). This study has pointed to the potential application of H. spicatum as a bactericide and fungicide. Conclusions: The findings of this study further reinforces the importance of H. spicatum rhizomes in traditional healthcare practice and its use in culinary. Further investigation is however needed to isolate and purify the bioactive antimicrobial principles for potential development into generic antimicrobials.

}, keywords = {Bactericide, Diarrhea. H. spicatum, Fungicide, MIC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.159}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/383}, author = {Ritu Arora and Avijit Mazumder} } @article {401, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Content Determination of Different Species of Genus Caesalpinia belonging to Different Origin with Antidiabetic Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study is to investigate the phytochemical screening of C. decapetala along with the content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia with respect to their antidiabetic activity and identification of most bioactive species belonging to different origins. Methods: To achieve our goal different species of genus Caesalpinia collected from China and Pakistan were subjected to open column chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant, and antidiabetic assays for evaluation. Results: From \η-BuOH fraction of C. decapetala extract, eight compounds were isolated using open column chromatography and identified as apigenin-7-rhamnoside (1), 4-O-methylepisappanol (2), caesalpinol (3), daucosterol (4), astragalin (5), kaempferol (6), quercitrin (7), and naringin (8) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. HPLC analysis of different species of genus Caesalpinia showed that the most active antidiabetic compound \‘quercitrin\’ was present more in C. pulcherrima followed by decreasing order in C. sappan, C.decapetala, and C. bonduc. Conclusion: The results indicated that quercitrin is the most bioactive content and C. pulcherrima is most bioactive specie of China origin from genus Caesalpinia.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidants, Caesalpinia, Flavonoids, HPLC Fingerprint, Phytochemical content.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/170}, author = {Amna Parveen and Zahra and Muhammad Qudratullah Farooqi and Whang Wan Kyunn and Muhammad Arshad} } @article {434, title = {Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS, FT-IR Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb (Black Turmeric)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {952-956}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {952}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of the current study is to monitor the phytochemical constituents in the Curcuma caesia Roxb.by GC MS and FT-IR analysis. Methods: The Rhizomes of Curcuma caesia Roxb was extracted with Methanol at room temperature for 8 h. The bioactive compounds of Curcuma caesia Roxb have been evaluated using GC-MS and FT-IR. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol, phytosterol Quinones and saponins. Totally 15 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed peaks with individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the Methanolic extract were \α-Santalol (46.90\%), Retinal (10.72\%), Ar-tumerone(10.38\%), Alloaromadendrene (5.93\%), Megastigma-3,7(E),9-triene (4.80\%), Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl- 4-hexenyl)-4-methyl(4.38\%) , 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-Z)-(4.26\%) Tricyclo[8.6.0.0(2,9)]hexadeca-3,15-diene, trans-2,9-anti-9,10-trans-1,10 (3.26\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of N-H , O-H , C=C , C-H, C-O and CH3 functional groups. Conclusion: The result of this study offer a platform of using Curcuma caesia Roxb as herbal alternative for various diseases and it can be used as functional and pharmaceutical food.

}, keywords = {Curcuma caesia Roxb, FT-IR, GC MS, Phyto chemical, α-Santalol and Retinal.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.149}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/202}, author = {Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy and Suresh Kumar Kalakandan and Karthikeyen Ravichandran} } @article {353, title = {Phyto-Pharmacognostical Studies and HPTLC Fingerprinting Profile of Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. Ex Wight}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {528-533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters and phytochemical investigation of medicinally important crude drug, Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. Ex Wight (Annonaceae) Methods: Organoleptic characters, microscopic evaluation, leaf constants, quantitative physico-chemical evaluations (Ash value, extractive value, moisture content), preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content in alcoholic and aqueous extract of Uvaria narum and HPTLC fingerprinting profile were studies on leaves of Uvaria narum by employing standard methods of analysis. Results: Leaf is dorsiventral, having distinct upper and lower surface. Stomata are of paracytic type and present only on lower epidermis. Upper epidermal cells are polygonal with cuticle and contain simple starch grains. A single layer of palisade cells is present below upper epidermis. Leaf do not bears any trichomes. Mid rib region shows collenchymatous cells on both surfaces. Xylem bundles are arranged in an arc. The space between collenchymas and vascular bundle is occupied by parenchymatous cells, some of which are filled with calcium oxalate crystals of prism as well as of rosette type (30-40 m in diameter). HPTLC fingerprint study of alcoholic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of quercitin as biomarker polyphenolic compound. Conclusion: These findings will be useful in establishing pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for correct identification, as well as assessment of purity, quality of this plant, which definitely gaining the relevance in plant drug research and establishment of plant monograph.

}, keywords = {Histochemical evaluation, HPTLC fingerprinting, Morpho-Anatomical, Physicochemical, Uvaria Narum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.85}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.85}, author = {Kalpana Sabanna Patil and Raju Ratan Wadekar} } @article {417, title = {Pre and Post-Treatment Effects: Estimation of Serum Testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation Levels on Moringa olifera Extract Induced Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {846-849}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium (Cd), is a toxic metal which affects various organs including testis. It produces oxidative stress leading to male infertility. Moringa tree, is a natural plant with a great therapeutic value and hence it is found to be effective both in prevention and treatment of various conditions including reducing toxicity of hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Pre-and Post-treatment with Moringa oliefera leaf extract (MoE) on testis in cadmium exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India, between (2011-2013). This prospective study consisted a total of 30 rats. These were divided into 5 groups with group I being the control. Data were presented as mean \±SD. student\’s t test was used as statistical tool, p\<0.05 considered statistically significant. Group IV and V were pre-and post-MoE treated groups respectively. Serum testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels were estimated. Results: Treatment with MoE prior and after administration of cadmium, respectively showed an increase significantly in the testosterone levels and a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation as compared to the group treated with cadmium. However, the pre-treatment showed better results in combatting the toxic effects of cadmium. Conclusion: This study shows that Moringa olifera leaf extract altered the testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels. Also, pre-treatment showed better outcome.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, MDA, Morniga olifera extract., Oxidative stress, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/185}, author = {Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Sneha Bhoja Shetty and Suman Veerappa Budihal and Mangalore Ramesh Bhat and Kunal} } @article {346, title = {Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {479-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Background: White tea is a kind of tea which manufactured with minimal processing only drying without fermentation process. White tea prepared from very young tea leaves or buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, covered with tiny, silvery hairs, and dried immediately after picking to prevent oxidation and commonly used as a beverage and herbal medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of the white tea leaf ethanolic extract (WTE) with acute toxicity tests. Methods: The acute oral toxicity of WTE performed at dose 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/Kg BW of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice. The animals observation for any mortality, behavioral, body weight and feed-water consumption pattern during the 14- day study. The liver, kidney, and heart isolation performed on day-15 to observe macroscopic and relative organ weight (ROW). Results: No treatment-related toxic symptom or mortality observed for the first 4 hours and 24 hours after oral administration of WTE at a dose of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg BW. All the groups of mice did not show the significant changes in behavior, breathing, and motoric activity. Conclusions: This studies showed that the oral LD50 of WTE was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW and suggests that the WTE is practically non-toxic in a single dose of level 5000 mg/kg BW.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Safety, Teh Putih, Theaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.77}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.77}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Meiliza Ekayanti and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {139, title = {Pharmaco-Chemical characterization and Acaricidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Chassalia Curviflora (Wall ex Kurz.) Thwaites.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacochemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10\% to 1.25\%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent components. Based on AIT, the extract at 10\% revealed 43.76\% of inhibition of fecundity (IF) and 29.16\% of adult tick mortality. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract has some active compounds that may influence in the reproductive system of female ticks.

}, keywords = {Acaricidal activity, Chassalia curviflora, Fecundity., HPTLC, Pharmaco-chemical, R. (B.) annutatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.6}, author = {Ajeesh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Sanis Juliet and Kumuthakalavalli Renganathan and Ramasubbu Raju and Sunil Athalathil and Reghu Ravindran and Leena Chandrashekar and Suresh Narayanan Nair and Srikanta Ghosh} } @article {141, title = {Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Leaves of Aralia Racemosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {250-254}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Objective: Ethnomedicinally, the entire plant and its parts are generally utilized by local people for the treatment of different aliment conditions without standardization. The standardization of crude drug is a crucial part of establishing its correct identity. Prior to any crude drug can be included in an herbal pharmacopeia, pharmacognostic and physicochemical param\­eters and standards to be established. Aralia racemosa L. perennial herb belongs to family Araliaceae. It is commonly known as American Spike\­nard. It is traditionally used in the treatment of Rheumatism, Whooping cough, skin diseases, pleurisy, diaphoretic, diuretic, pulmonary diseases, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, stimulant, expectorant, syphilis, Inflamma\­tion and Hay fever. In the view of lack of pharmacognostic study of leaf of Aralia racemosa L. Methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed according to WHO Quality Control Methods for herbal materials. The leaves of Aralia racemosa. L was subjected for successive solvent extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out, along with florescence analysis of leaf Pow\­der with different reagents were evaluated. Results: Macroscopy of the leaves showed oval to rounded shape with tooted margin, cordate base and pointed tip. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of anisocytic stomata, bicolateral vascular bundles, lignified fibers, spiral vessels and rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, extractive values, ash content and fluorescent behav\­ior of leaf powder were also determined. Preliminary Phytochemical analy\­sis revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents viz., glyco\­sides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. Conclusion: The results of current study could be served as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of this medicinal plant and will helpful in characterization of the crude drug.\ 

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, Aralia racemosa, Bicolateral vascular bundles, Lignified fibers., Pharmacognostic, Rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.13}, author = {D S N B K Prasanth and Atla Srinivasa Rao and Rajendra Prasad Yejella} } @article {202, title = {Pharmacognostic Characterization of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {513-519}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Background: Spondias mombin L. is fruit specie found in Tropical America and the coast of Africa, popularly known as cajazeira. Several researches with extract of leaflets show a diversity of promising pharmacological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral against dengue virus type 2, anti diabetic, among others. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and histochemical from leaves of this species. Materials and Methods: Cross and paradermic sections from leaves were submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Anatomical analysis of the structures was performed using an optical microscope. For ultra structure analysis, the leaf fragments, after processing and gold coating, were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phytochemical analyses were performed using thin layer chromatography and the histochemical analyses using specific reagents for each metabolite group. Results: The leaf has anomocytic and tetracytic stomata distributed on abaxial surface. The midrib has convex symmetry with collateral vascular bundles in a closed arc disposition. The phytochemical showed the presence of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, hydrolysable tannins, phenylpropanoid glycosides, cinnamic derivatives and flavonoids. The histochemical tests allow us to state that phenolic compounds are found in the palisade parenchyma cells. Lignins can be found in woody vascular bundles and in perivascular sclerenchyma fibres. The volatile oils were evidenced in the schizogenous cavity, present in the parenchyma of the midrib. Conclusion: The results allowed characterizing anatomically the leaves of this species, outlining a profile of its phytochemical constituents and, in addition, determining which anatomical structures of storage of these metabolites by the plant.

}, keywords = {Anacardiaceae, Caj{\'a}, Histochemistry, Leaf anatomy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.1}, author = {Alex Lucena de Vasconcelos and Alan Lucena de Vasconcelos and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {157, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Epilobium hirsutum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Epilobium hirsutum Linn. (Onagraceae) is used widely as traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. Despite the popular utilization of this plant, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was aimed to scientifically establish a standard monograph of E. hirsutum on the basis of pharmacognostical aspects. Material and methods:\ Macroscopic, qualitative and quantitative microscopic characters of E. hirsutum were analyzed. Results: The diagnostic characters of the E. hirsutum were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, stan\­dardization and preparation of monograph of E. hirsutum.

}, keywords = {Epilobium hirsutum Linn, Great hairy willowherb., Great willowherb, Hairy willowherb, Onagraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.8}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {154, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Melilotus officinalis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {239-242}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Background: Melilotus officinalis Linn. (Fabaceae) historically has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes. Despite the popular medicinal utilization, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was focused to scientifically establish a standard monograph of M. officinalis on the basis of pharmacognostical parameters. Material and methods: The detailed macroscopic and qualitative as well as quantitative microscopic characters of M. officinalis were analyzed. Results: The morphological characters of M. officinalis were established. The transverse section of leaf shows lamina with single layered epidermis, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll, midrib with single layered epidermis and vascular strands were present in lamina. Stem contains single layered epidermis, cortex with\ several layers, phloem, xylem and starch grains. Root shows the presence\ of cork, phloem, xylem and starch grains. The powder characteristics of\ M. officinalis revels the presence of Epidermis, stomata, cork, parenchyma,\ mesophyll, fibers, spiral and pitted xylem vessels. The quantitative\ microscopy of leaf of M. officinalis reveals Stomatal number Upper surface\ (28.75 \± 2.5), Lower surface (38.37 \± 2.5); Stomatal index Upper surface\ (13.10 \± 1.50) Lower surface (12.58 \± 1.10); Vein islet number (96.25 \±\ 4.79), Vein termination number (27.50 \± 2.87) and Palisade ratio 6.5 \± 0.58.\ Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards would\ serve as a useful guide for correct identification, purity, standardization and\ preparation of monograph of M. officinalis.

}, keywords = {Aspurk., Fabaceae, Melilot, Melilotus officinalis Linn, Yellow Sweet clover}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.11}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {103, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation on Seeds of Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Cheval}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahuwa i.e., Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb) A. Cheval\  belongs to family Sapotaceae. The local people and aboriginals use the oil extracted from the seeds for cooking purposes. The powdered seed has several therapeutic uses too. Recently seed oil is used as biodiesel. Although seeds and oil are in use; deliberate attempt to study them has lacked. Methods: Pharmacognosy can be the first step in deciding the status of a plant organ as a crude medicine. Hence comprehensive Pharmacognosy of Mahuwa seed was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The present study provides the microscopic diagnostic characters such as presence of sclerides, oil ducts, crystals etc in seed. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (0.65\%), acid insoluble ash (0.5\%), water soluble ash (5.95\%), alcohol soluble extractive (23.04\%) water soluble extractive (17.76\%) and chloroform extractive (12.3\%). Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponnins, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: These studies will help in establishing the \ pharmacopeial standards for the said drug.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Mahuwa, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry., Sapotaceae, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.8}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and CL. Ringmichon} } @article {192, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardisation and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Seeds of Two Vitis Vinefera L. Varieties Grown in Kashmir Valley, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {465-470}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the largest fruit crop widely grown throughout the world and their seeds are considered a relevant source of polyphenol compounds. Objective: To carry out phytochemical and pharmacognostic evaluation of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var sahibi and hussaini, family vitiaceae as per WHO guidelines. Materials and Methods: In present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic properties, macroscopical, microscopical characters, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening for major groups of compounds and other WHO recommended parameters for standardization of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var. sahibi and hussaini. Results: Macro and microscopic characters of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, extractive values, ash content, pH and fluorescent behaviour of seed powder were done by using WHO recommended parameters. A preliminary phytochemical screening was done and revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, sterols and fixed oil. Conclusion: This is the first report of its kind on the pharmacognostic studies of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini and will serve as valuable source of information towards establishing pharmacognostic standards on identification, purity, quality and classification.

}, keywords = {Grapes, Hussaini, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical, Sahibi.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.9}, author = {Javaid Ashraf Nowshehri and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Mohammad Yaseen Shah} } @article {133, title = {Pharmacognostical Investigation and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Leaves of Myxopyrum Smilacifolium B.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {159-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {159}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study deals with detailed pharmacognostical study and preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume. Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume is a twining shrub belongs to the family Oleaceae. It is used traditionally in the treatment of cough, rheumatism, cephalalgia, notalagia and otopathy. Scrutinization of literature revealed that there is a lack of pharmacognostical and Phytochemical investigations of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume. Methods: The macroscopical and microscopical features were evaluated. The leaves of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume was subjected for successive solvent extraction and further preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out and also the behaviour of powder with different reagents were evaluated by fluorescence analysis. Results: The detailed study of pharmacognostical evaluation showed the presence of thick walled epidermal cells covered with thick cuticle, xylem and phloem elements, Glandular trichome and slightly concave collateral vascular bundles. Preliminary Phytochemical examination revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents viz., alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, carbohydrates and fixed oils. The fluorescence analysis manifested the behavioral variation of the powdered drug. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be a referential information for identification and also useful for standardization of the plant material.

}, keywords = {microscopy, Myxopyrum., Oleaceae, Phytochemical screening, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.10}, author = {Raveesha Peeriga and Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnth} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {185, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Goraksha pods: an important Nutritive and antidiabetic Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Objective: Goraksha or cluster beans are an annual legume found throughout India. It is also extensively cultivated for its pods used as vegetable for its high nutritive value, antidiabetic properties and for the source of guargum. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, histochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical studies on the pods of Goraksha has been carried out highlighting its importance along with important diagnostic characters, which will help in the identification of pods both in fresh form as well as in dry form. Results: Study revealed presence of distantly arranged elongated uniseriate warty trichomes in the outer most layer of epidermis, presence of stone cells, simple starch grains and very small calcium oxalate crystals in the hypodermal region. Presence of unevenly thickened row of palisade layer of macro sclereids in the outer most layer of cotyledon region. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, starch, steroids, and tannins. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical standardization revealed the presence of various specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine pods of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

}, keywords = {Cluster beans, Goraksha, Pharmacognosy, Pods. Histochemical studies.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.2}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramasheshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Prathapa Reddy Maramreddy and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishana and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Madan Mohan Padhi and Kartar Singh Dhiman} } @article {199, title = {Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Parts of Indian Kesar Mango{\textendash}A unique variety from Saurashtra Region of Gujarat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {502-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {502}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study was to evaluate physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of different parts (ripe seed, unripe seed, ripe peel, unripe peel and stem) of Indian mango (var. \‘Kesar\’) collected from Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value and extractive values were carried out. The phytochemical properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatanins, triterpenes, steroids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were also carried out. In phytochemical analysis, tannins showed maximum amounts in all five parts. The present study provides the details physicochemical and phytochemical properties of different parts of kesar mango which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopeia parameters.

}, keywords = {Kesar Mango, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemical analysis, Ripe and Unripe Peel, Ripe and Unripe Seeds, Stem.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.16}, author = {Kalpna Rakholiya and Mital Kaneria and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {207, title = {Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacognostical Standardization of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaves have long been employed as a traditional remedy by the Cholanaikan tribe of South India to treat various ailments. Methods: Pharmacological and physicochemical evaluation of P. heyneana leaf has been carried out to determine its macro and microscopic characters, and also some of its quantitative characters as per standard procedures. Results: The pharmacognostical evaluation of P. heyneana leaves revealed the presence of characteristic microscopic features of the crude drug like cystoliths in upper epidermis, helicocytic stomata in lower epidermis, large number of peculiar shaped, huge (200-400 m) foliar sclereids, absence of palisade tissue in the lamina etc. Powder microscopy showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells, multicellular trichomes, resinous blocks, spiral vessels, xylem fibre, starch grains, simple fibre etc. Conclusions: All the parameters evaluated in the study will aid to identify the authenticity of P. heyneana leaf even from the crushed or powdered form.

}, keywords = {Cholanaikan tribe, Fluorescence analysis, Helicocytic stomata, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.6}, author = {Vilash V and Suja SR and Latha PG and Aneesh Kumar AL and Ragesh R Nair and S Rajasekharan} } @article {150, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {291-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. Materials and methods: Solvent extracts of T. lanceolata berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block G. duodenalis growth. The IC50 values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 180 \µg/ml and 420 \µg/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited G. duodenalis growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all T. lanceolata berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All T. lanceolata berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

}, keywords = {Alternative therapies, Anti-Giardial activity, Anti-oxidant, Complementary, Gastrointestinal parasite, Giardisis, Tasmanian pepper.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.19}, author = {Paran Rayan and Ben Matthews and Pauline Mc Donnell and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {156, title = {Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Evaluation of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract\ (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines\ used widely in Ugandan traditional\ medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal\ medicines\ are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized.\ Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark\ methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected\ to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing.\ Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5\% alkaloids,\ 10\% flavonoids, 13\% tannins and 17\% saponins per gram of plant material.\ The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA)\ and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following\ Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1\ (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85)\ and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the\ fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane\ fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions\ had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at\ the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of\ hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent,\ the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the\ residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains\ valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic.\ The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the\ solvent fractions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Saponins, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae, TLC Tannins, Uganda.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.12}, author = {Tanayen Julius Kihdze and Ajayi Abayomi Mayowa and Oloro Joseph and Ezeonwumelu Joseph OC and Tanayen Grace Ghaife and Adzu Bulus and Arthur van Aerschot and Gert Laekeman and Agaba Amon Ganafa} } @article {171, title = {Phytochemical and In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Psidium Guajava Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {392-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {392}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation includes the preliminary screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity of Psidium guajava leaves extracts. Materials and Methods: Plant material was subjected to the extraction preparation by soxhlet apparatus by using various solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane. The various kinds of phytochemicals were detected and then in vitro antidiabetic activity of P. guajava were detected by using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme in an in vitro model. Results: The study reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids, phenols etc., Among the various extracts the aqueous and ethanolic extracts which contains the large number of phytoconstituents. The P. guajava leaves has been successfully inhibited both the enzymes in an in vitro model. The aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 72.1\% and 74.8\% respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 97.5\% and 91.8\% respectively. Conclusion: From the results obtained in the current studies, the P. guajava leaves have a prominent antidiabetic property in an in vitro model and further studies can be carried out in an in vivo model and the isolation of activie compound from P. guajava leaves extract is needed.

}, keywords = {Alpha amylase, Alpha glucosidase, P. guajava, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.13}, author = {Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa} } @article {205, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber to Identify Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {534-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Background: Modern healthcare system recognizes herbal medicine as a form of alternative medicine and also identify as holistic approach. Everyone in life experiences different kind of wound.Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber are well known traditional wound healing herbs. Objective: To develop a new polyherbal formulation in the treatment of wound and identify flavonoid by means of chromatography, chemical method and spectroscopic method. Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans,Elephantopus scaber and herb-herb combination. Methods and Material: Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus and polyherbal formulation of both herb by chemical method. Identification of flavonoids by thin layer chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Flavonoids have found inside polyherbal formulation by comparing the colour change after chemical analysis, Fluorescence analysis, retention time by thin layer chromatography and functional groups by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conclusions: Flavonoids may responsible for its activity as wound healing. It may work with other bioactive compounds as synergistic effect.

}, keywords = {Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus scaber, Flavonoids, Herb-Herb combination, Polyherbal formulation, Wound healing.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.4}, author = {Muhammad Shahzad Aslam and Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad and Awang Soh Mamat} } @article {176, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Psidium guajava Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {314-320}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Psidium guajava Linn. possesses useful medicinal benefits. It has been recognized as the medicinally essential phytoconstituents, such as phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid. Numerous pharmacological investigation have confirmed that the ability of this plant is to exhibit antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer activities and it supports the traditional uses. This is a comprehensive of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological benefits.

}, keywords = {Anticancer., Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.3}, author = {Vijaya Anand and Manikandan and Vijaya Kumar and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa and Agaath Hedina} } @article {166, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Terminalia chebula Retz}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {307-309}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Phytotherapy is the traditional method used to cure many diseases. Various medicinal plants found in many parts of India are well known for their various medicinal values. The Terminalia chebula Retz. a native plant of Asia is found to have various properties like anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity, anti-carcinogenic activity, ant-imutagenic activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-viral activity, anti-diabetic, renoprotective activity, cardio-protective activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. These properties of T. chebula discussed in this review are mainly due to the presence of various types of phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Anti-carcinogenic, Anti-fungal, Anti-inflammatory., Anti-oxidant, Free radical, Phytoconstituents, Renoprotective, Terminalia chebula}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.1}, author = {Agaath Hedina and Punniya Kotti and Juveriyah Kausar and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} } @article {1469, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata l. (Blume)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background:Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

Key words:Cyathula prostrata, standardization, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Cyathula prostrata, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Standardization.}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {41, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata (Blume) L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {

Cyathula prostrata, antioxidant

, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.5}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {1460, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values,however few of them are less exploited.The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation ofone such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluationswere carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetid odour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata,root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundlesand that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

Key words:Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {36, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values, however few of them are less exploited. The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation of one such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetidodour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata, root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundles and that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.6}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {31, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods: M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.1}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1470, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods:M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

Key words: HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {77, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Polyherbal Formulation of West Sikkim with Asparagus Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {348-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Introduction: The powder mixture of the two species of Asparagaceae (Asparagus filicinus and Asparagus officinalis) was found to be used traditionally for the treatment of heart palpitation in west Sikkim. Objective: Pharmacognostic characterisation was carried out for the authentication of the powder drug which included powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical characterisation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in HP was also determined by qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals along with free radical scavenging activity of various successive solvent extracts (based on their polarity). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the powdered HP was also done. The standard software SPSS (ver. 15.0) and XLSTAT 2009 (Addinsoft) and Smith\’s Statistical Package were used for different statistical analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of HP revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, tracheids, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colours were exhibited by HP on UV after reacting with different chemical reagents. The analysis values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some active phytoconstituents. Among all the solvent extracts, acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate and benzene extracts showed higher antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results support the use of HP as a traditional medicine and further purification should be done for the identification of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for its antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Phytoconstituents, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.6}, author = {Arunika Subba and Palash Mandal} } @article {1455, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16\±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, author = {Kumar Shweta and Balakrishnan N and Lakshmi P. K and Toppo F. A and Toppo F. A and Pawar RS} } @article {64, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Background: Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16 \±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.3}, author = {Shweta Kumar and Balakrishnan Natarajan and Lakshmi Puthanparambil Kanakamma and Toppo Fedelic Ashish and Rajesh Singh Pawar} } @article {70, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {333-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

}, keywords = {Fruit, microscopy, Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.3}, author = {Manisha Khaneja and Sumeet Gupta}, editor = {Anupam Sharma} } @article {1440, title = {Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

Key words:Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, morphoanataomical, physicochemical analysis, fruit.

}, keywords = {fruit., Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, author = {Bhatia M and Gupta S and Sharma A} } @article {90, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {383-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, Gallic acid, Homonoia riparia, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical parameters.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.12}, author = {Seena Kanniparambil Xavier and Raviraj Anand Devkar and Shilpee Chaudhary and Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara and Manganahalli Manjunath Setty} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {37, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.7}, author = {Md. Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1461, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study..

Key words: Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical parameters, HPTLC chromatogram.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, author = {Md Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1462, title = {Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {01-17}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson\&$\#$39;s disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain\&$\#$39;s chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.

Key words: Neuroprotection, Phytochemicals, Medicinal herbs, Nootropics, Dietary sources.

}, keywords = {Dietary sources., Medicinal herbs, Neuroprotection, Nootropics, Phytochemicals}, author = {G Phani Kumar and K.R. Anilakumar and S. Naveen} } @article {28, title = {Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {1-17}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson\&$\#$39;s disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain\&$\#$39;s chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.

}, keywords = {Dietary sources., Medicinal herbs, Neuroprotection, Nootropics, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.1}, author = {G Phani Kumar and K R Anila kumar and S Naveen} } @article {61, title = {Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities and Intellectual Property Landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {254-265}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti--atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti--apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer\’s disease, hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides.

}, keywords = {Anant, Crocetin, Crocin, Fructus Gardeniae, Gandharaj, Gardenia augusta, Gardenia jasminoides, Genipin., Geniposide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.1}, author = {Rohan Sharadanand Phatak} } @article {1441, title = {Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and intellectual property landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {7-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease (AD), hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides.

Key words: Anant, Gardenia jasminoides, Fructus Gardeniae.

}, keywords = {Anant, Fructus Gardeniae., Gardenia jasminoides} } @article {73, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {296-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 \± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 \± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 \± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Anti-tussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.8}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1444, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83\±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16\±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16\±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1443, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th Feb, 2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

Key words: Ethnobotany, in vitro study, Pogostemon cablin, MS medium.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium., Pogostemon cablin}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {44, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium, Pogostemon cablin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.2}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {86, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Anti-helmenthic activity of Achyranthes aspera Leaf extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {397-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro- Antihelmenthic activity of leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. Background: Achyranthes aspera is an annual, stiff-erect herb found commonly as a weed throughout India. The leaf ethyl acetate extract showed high larvicidal activity on the tick larvae of Rhipicephalus. It strengthen the liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles, tendons and bones, anti-inflammatory, anti-toxin, urine laxative, normalize menstruation, hemostatic, ease childbirth. Chemical Ingredients includes Akirantin, glokosa, galactose, reilosa, ramnosa, and alkaloids. Hentriakontan, sapogenin, Betaine, ecdysterone, triterpenoid saponins. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antihelmenthic assay is performed by standard protocol. Result: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibitspotent Antihelmenthic activity. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that Achyranthes aspera leaf extract possessed marked in vitro Anti helminthic effect.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Anti-helmenthic, Anti-inflammatory, Laxative, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.14}, author = {Kamal Hasan and Thangavelu Lakshmi and Thirumalai Kumaran Rathinam} } @article {79, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and In vitro Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Anti-diabetic activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu against the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti diabetic activity was determined by modified method of miller, the extract at different concentrations was tested for mammalian alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay under the controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance. Results: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent Antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent inhibition of Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic effect. The effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of Acacia catechu

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Alpha glucosidase, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.7}, author = {Thangavelu Lakshmi and Rajendran Ramasamy and Rathinam Thirumalaikumaran} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1524, title = {Pharmacognostic evaluation and chrysazin quantitation of Xyris indica flowering heads}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {16-22}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to establish quality specification of Xyris indica L. flowering heads. The pharmacognostic parameters were investigated. Chrysazin contents were analyzed by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software compared to TLC-densitometry. Methods: X. indica flowering heads from 15 different sources in Thailand were collected. Morphological and physicochemical parameters were characterized. Chrysazin was successively extracted and determined by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software and TLC-densitometry. Results: Macroscopic study was illustrated as whole plant drawing. The microscopic study showed fragment of corolla, seeds, pollen grain and staminode. The pharmacognostic parameters revealed that the loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water content should be not more than 6.90, 2.50, 0.41, and 11.12 of \% dry weight respectively while water and ethanol-soluble extractive values should be not less than 6.59 and 4.03 of \% dry weight respectively. TLC fingerprint revealed clearly chrysazin yellow fluorescent band at 365 nm. Chrysazin quantitation by TLC image analysis and TLC densitometry were developed and validated. Chrysazin content was 0.022 \± 0.001 \% dry weight by both methods. There was no statistically significantly difference between these methods. Conclusion: This study provided pharmacognostic specification and chrysazin content of X. indica flowering heads that can be used for basic quality control and standardization of plant material. TLC image analysis using ImageJ software showed reliable and convenient for analysis of chrysazin content in this crude drug.

Key words: Xyris indica, Pharmacognostic specification, Chrysazin, Quantitative analysis, Antimicrobial activities

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, Chrysazin, Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Xyris indica}, author = {Chuanchom Khuniad and Worathat Thitikornpong and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1492, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Fruit of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {14-22}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum frutescens is a well known spice. Leaves and fruits of the species are used in Ayurveda, Unani and Traditional system of medicines to cure various disorders. Therefore the study was aimed to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of C. frutescens leaf and fruit. Methods: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters and physicochemical parameters of C. frutescens samples using standard methods. Results: Smaller fruit size and color of C. frutescens was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of rod shaped calcium oxalate crystals, oleoresin cells, pitted parenchyma and fruits with specified oleoresin, sclereid and stone cells with unicellular trichomes on persistent calyx. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values and nutritive values were determined. Fluorescence analysis of both leaf and fruit powder was determined using organic and inorganic solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Conclusion: Observed pharmacognostic characters in this study may help in identification and standardization of C. frutescens leaf and fruit.

Key words: African chili, Powder microscopy, Physico-chemical analysis, Thin layer chromatography.

}, keywords = {African chili, Physico-chemical analysis, Powder microscopy, Thin layer Chromatography}, author = {Shruti V. Hegde, and Ganesh R. Hegde, and Gangadhar S. Mulgund, and Vinayak Upadhya} } @article {1545, title = {Pharmacognostic Investigation of Cynodon dactylon Pers Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {01-06}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. family (Graminae/poaceae) occupies its unique place and key position in ethnomedicinal practices and traditional medical (Ayurvedic, Unani, Nepalese, and Chinese) knowledge systems but according to best of our knowledge lack is done on its standardization of the herb for its quality control and authenticity. Objective: To evaluate the morphological and microscopical characters of Cynodon dactylon Pers roots collected from Maharashtra region and its phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Methods: Microscopic, macroscopic characters and fluorescence analysis of roots samples were analyzed. The physicochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash value and extractive values of Cynodon dactylon were carried out. Results: The detailed microscopy revealed the presence wide cortex, intact epidermis, wide circular metaxylem and parenchymatous cells loaded with starch grain. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Conclusion: This is first report on the pharmacognostic studies of Cynodon dactylon and is helpful in laying down identification, standardization and pharmacopeial standards.

}, keywords = {Cynodon dactylon}, author = {Sumit R Deore, and Ajay G Namdeo} } @article {1514, title = {Pharmacognostic Investigation of Valeriana hardwickii Wall. A Threatened Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {33-36}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Valeriana hardwickii Wall. belongs to family Valerianaceae grown in high altitude areas of north west Himalaya to Bhutan. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are used to treat insomnia; however, no reports are available regarding any pharmacognostic work on this plant. Material and Methods: The study includes morphological, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigations of the roots and rhizome. Anatomical studies of roots and rhizome shows the presence of diagnostic characters such as thick walled cortex cells, annular xylem fi ber, pitted xylem vessel and rhizome hair. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether, dichlomethane and aqueous extract revealed the presence of tritepenoids, alkaloids, irridoidal glycosides and fl avanoids. The study was carried out as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The outcome of this work will help the researchers to differentiate V. hardwickii from the other species of valerian.

Key words: Pharmacognostic investigation, phytochemical screening, valerianaceae, Valeriana hardwickii Wall.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic investigation, Phytochemical screening, Valeriana hardwickii Wall, valerianaceae}, author = {Anant V. Bhandarkar and S. Shashidhara and M. Deepak} } @article {1525, title = {Pharmacognostic investigations of the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum Asch. and radical-scavenging activities of five flavonoids isolated from methanol extract of the plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium foliosum Asch. also known in Bulgarian folk medicine as \“garliche\” or \“svinski yagodi\” (swine\’s berries) has been used as a decoct of aerial parts for treatment of cancer, as antioxidant and immunostimulant. This study was undertaken to investigate its phytochemical, physicochemical and radicalscavenging activities of the aerial parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical parameters: moisture content, foaming index, total ash, dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pleliminary phytochemical screening and TLC finger print profile were determined. Three new flavonol glycosides, 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of 6-methoxykaempferol andg omphrenol and a new gomphrenol trioside as well as the known 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of patuletin and spinacetin, previously isolated from the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum> AschResults: The results of physico-chemical parameters showed moisture content- 6.05\%, foaming index-250, total ash- 12.19\% and dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive respectively 2.52\%, 13.20\% and 12.01\%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of C. foliosum reveals the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins and alkaloids/ amines. Patuletine-3-O-gentiobioside showed the highest DPPH (95.03 \± 0.09) and ABTS (87.20 \± 0.13) activity, compared to Vit C. 6-Methoxykaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside showed significant ABTS (81.09 \± 0.06) activity, but DPPH activity was lacking. The other flavonoids showed low DPPH activity, but moderate ABTS activity compared with BHT. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful for correct identification of the plant and further standardization. In addition this study suggesting that the decoction prepared from C. foliosum could be a potential source of nutraceuticals with radical-scavenging activity.

Key words:Chenopodium, phytochemical investigations, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Chenopodium, DPPH, Flavonoids, phytochemical investigations}, author = {Zlatina Kokanova-Nedialkova and Paraskev T. Nedialkov and Stefan D. Nikolov} } @article {1546, title = {Pharmacognostic studies of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {07-11}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Lagenaria siceraria (LS) fruits belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. As per best of our knowledge there were no pharmacognostical reports, specifically to determine anatomical and other physicochemical standards required for its standardization. Material and Methods: In this study various standardization parameters like macroscopic and microscopic studies, physico-chemical constants, extractive values and preliminary phytochemical screening were studied and reported. Results: Different standardization parameters were reported, which would be of immense use to identify and establish the authenticity of the plant. Conclusion: Preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Lagenaria siceraria fruits can give some useful information, which will be further used for standardization.

Key words: Pharmacognostic, Bhopla, Cucurbitaceae, standardization, Lagenaria siceraria.

}, keywords = {Bhopla, Cucurbitaceae, Lagenaria siceraria, Pharmacognostic, standardization}, author = {C.V. Panchal, and Jyotiram A. Sawale, and B. N. Poul, and Khandelwal, K. R.} } @article {1504, title = {Pharmacognostic study and physicochemical analysis of leaves of Terminalia arjuna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn. (family;Combretaceae) leaf. Method: The present study deals with pharmacognostic characters as identification parameters of the leaves which were subjected to macro and microscopic studies. Phyto- physicochemical studies were done by using WHO recommended parameters and fluorescent behaviour of the leaf sample was also tested. Results: The microscopy study revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Macroscopic study show alternate thick-coriaceous base obtuse-subcordate while margin was crenate-serrate, obtuse or sub acute at apex. Physiochemical parameters such as ash values, loss on drying, extractive values, fluorescence analysis were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Conclusions: The microscopic and physiochemical analysis of the T. arjuna leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Key words: Terminalia arjuna, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, leaf

}, keywords = {Leaf, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Terminalia arjuna.}, author = {Dishant Desai and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} } @article {1548, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.: A potent medicinal herb of North{\textendash}Eastern India and China}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {34-42}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) is one of the perennial herb indigenous to North-East India and China. Despite the popular utilization of this herb as medicine, still no study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to scientifically establish a standard monograph on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The quality control standardization of H. cordata was done as per the methods described in the World Health Organization guidelines (2002). Results: The diagnostic characters of the H. Cordata leaf and rhizome portion were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Determination of various physicochemical parameters such as water soluble ash (1.12\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.02\% w/w), sulphated ash (3.15\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (12.8\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.9\% w/w), loss on drying (3.42\% w/w) and crude fibres content (13.10\% w/w) was ascertained. Heavy metal, microbial load, fluorescence drug analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions were also carried out. Total phenols (45.74 mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (33.29mg/g TAE), flavonoids (104.55 mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), and flavonols (17.16mg/g RE) were quantified from the ethanolic extract of the whole plant. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 4.39\%, w/w. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of this medicinal plant.

Key Words: Houttuynia cordata, pharmacognosy, quercetin, HPTL.

}, keywords = {Houttuynia cordata, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Quercetin}, author = {Manish Kumar, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Damiki Laloo, and Apurva Joshi, and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1549, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of the roots of Potentilla mooniana Wight}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Potentilla mooniana Wight. (PM) (Family: Rosaceae) is a plant commonly grown at the higher altitudes (1500\–3660 meter) of the lower Asian continent and is traditionally used to treat gastric and mouth disorders. The present study was aimed to scientifically develop a standard monograph for PM on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: Pharmacognostically the roots were analyzed following the standard parameters prescribed under WHO guidelines and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Results: Morphologically, the roots are cylindrical, dark brown and astringent to bitter in taste. Histologically, the root section showed the formation of secondary growth with wood formation and central lignified xylem vessels. Physicochemical standards quantified includes foreign organic matter (1.20\% w/w), loss on drying (9.66\% w/w), total ash (12.65\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.65\% w/w), water soluble ash (0.5\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (21.3\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.6\% w/w), foaming index (142.85), swelling index (6.5), haemolytic index (37.77). Quantification of pesticide residue content and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg was analyzed and were found to be present within the permissible limits. Powdered drug showed the presence of lignified xylem vessels with scalariform and spiral thickenings, tracheids, starch grains and fibres. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, and amino acids. Quantification of phytoconstituents were also investigated such as phenolics (84.15mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (65.31mg/g TAE), flavonoids (9.53mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), flavonols (2.01mg/g RE), saponins (20.75mg/g diosgenin equivalent, DE), sapogenins (15.4mg/g DE) and carbohydrates (56.8mg/g D\–fructose equivalent). TLC of the root extract was also analyzed in the present study. Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnostic characters obtained from the roots of P. mooniana will provide beneficial information in identifying and comparing this plant from other closely related Potentilla species.

Key words:Potentilla mooniana, Pharmacognosy, phytochemical, polyphenolics, heavy metal.

}, keywords = {Heavy metals, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Polyphenolics, Potentilla mooniana}, author = {Damiki Laloo, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Manish Kumar, and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} } @article {1505, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {20-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Context:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. widely used in traditional as well as folk medicinal systems is locally known as Panphuti. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of kidney stones, urinary tract infection, burns and diarrhoea. Aims: In the present study, pharmacognostic studies of root, stem and leaf of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. is carried out in order to standardize the plant for its phytochemical, phyiso-chemical and pharmacognostical. Methods and Material: For standardization of plant material morphological and anatomical characterization was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters viz. ash content, extractive values, heavy metal content was carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical investigations were made to know the presence of various bioactive molecules, amino acid composition. Results: Intrastelar and extrastelar secondary growth with wood and periderm formation along with deposition of starch grains were observed in pith region of root and cortical region of stem. Calcium oxalate crystals were also present in the cortical region of the stem. Leaf lamina showed spongy parenchyma in mesophyll region and anisocytic type of stomata. Anthocyanin pigment was present below epidermal cells in petiole. Physico- chemical results can be serves as quality control data. Quantitatively carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and pro-antocyanidins were found to be present in root, stem and leaf part of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Conclusion: The results of the study could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant.

Key words:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz., Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Physico-chemical.

}, keywords = {Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, Pharmacognosy, Physico-chemical., Phytochemical.}, author = {Sharma Abhishek J. and Chandra Naresh} } @article {1550, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on stem bark of Canarium strictum Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim \& Background: Resin of Canarium strictum Roxb., is an imperative commodity in traditional medicine in South and South East Asia. The current study aims to establish the quality control parameters for the bark as it secreted more useful resin. Methods: Anatomical studies and physiochemical evaluation of the bark was carried out according to the standard procedure was given in WHO/QCMMP guidelines and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The anatomical studies of tissues were taken as photographs with different magnifications by using Nikon lab photo 2 microscopic Unit. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The different cell components were studied and measured quantitatively. The calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were estimated about 10\×10 or 10\×5\μm in size. The sclereids were very long of unlimited length and 10\μm in thickness. The long narrow lignified fibers has been found and estimated about 210\–260\μm long and about 10\μm thick. The height of the ray is up to 350\μm in height and 60\μm in breadth. The physiochemical parameters such as total ash and acid insoluble ash (5.52\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 4.55\% w/w and alcoholic 6.05\% w/w), foreign organic matter (2.4\%) and loss on drying (7.09\% w/w) were also estimated. An elemental analysis result shows the quantity of elements (\μg/g) were present in the bark powder. Among the elements Mn-73.6, Cu-65.4, Cr-49.5 were major contents, while Pd-25.6 and Zn-35.4 were the minor contents. Conclusion: The current study report will be unique finger print for microscopical evaluation of bark of this tree and also used to differentiate the plant species among Canarium L.

Key words: Burseraceae, Western Ghats, Quality control, Siddha medicine, Black dammer, Rheumatism.

}, keywords = {Black dammer, Burseraceae, Quality control, Rheumatism, Siddha medicine, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and R. Senthamarai} } @article {1493, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {72-78}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree, found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification. Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It was quantified to be 700 \μm long and 400 \μm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 \μm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 \μm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble ash (2.66\% w/w, 0.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068\% w/w and alcoholic 30.94\% w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5\% w/w) and loss on drying (12\% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (\μg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn \– 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor the contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from other ones of this genus.

Key words: Western Ghats, Budagas, Ooty, Quality control, Elaeocarpaceae, Edible fruit.

}, keywords = {Budagas, Edible fruit, Elaeocarpaceae, Ooty, Quality control, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and Senthamarai R} } @article {1515, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Analysis of Brassica juncea Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction:Brassica juncea is an economically important plant that has been well-known in India for centuries for its medicinal and nutritive values. The broad spectrum of beneficial effects of the seeds perceived with this plant warrants further exploration of B. juncea seeds as a potential source for obtaining pharmacologically standardized phytotherapeutics, which could be potentially useful. The objective of the present study was to perform the pharmacognosy of mustards seeds inclusive of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, fingerprinting by infrared spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography analysis and toxicity assessment in vitro. Methods: Different sections of seeds were taken and stained with 0.1\% phloroglucinol for microscopic examination. The seeds were extracted by 80\% alcohol on a rotary shaker to perform phytochemical analysis and fingerprinting. The toxicity assessment of this extract was performed on human dermal fibroblast cells. Results: Microscopic examination of seeds showed characteristic features of mustard seeds. The extraction of these seeds by 20\% alcohol resulted in IC50 value of 103 \± 3 \μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The fingerprinting analysis of this extract indicated probable presence of sinigrin, quercetin, vanillin, catechin, vitamin E and sulfur-containing compounds. This extract exhibited 50\% toxicity (IC50) at 1.79 mg/mL. Conclusion: The result achieved will be used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of seed extracts for future pharmacological evaluations.

Key words: Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance thin layer chromatography, microscopy, phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, microscopy, Phenolics}, author = {Harita Parikh and Aparna Khanna} } @article {1551, title = {Pharmacokinetic study of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin after oral administration to rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {124-130}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was carried out to develop a sensitive and cost effective HPLC method for the determination of bioactive lignans (phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin) and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Methods: Identification of lignan compounds on C\–18 column was monitored at a range of 199\–400nm using photodiode array detector (PDA) with methanol-water (66:34, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Carbamazepine was used as internal standard. Results: From the developed method LOD and LOQ values were found to be 56.14ng/ml and 169.99ng/ml for phyllanthin, and 56.04ng/ml and 169.82ng/ml for hypophyllanthin. The validated RP\–HPLC method herein was applied for pharmacokinetic studies and Cmax (ng/ml) values for administered three oral doses (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were 0.28\±0.06, 0.53\±0.16, 0.98\±0.22 and 0.68\±0.76, 1.35\±0.23, 2.45\±0.33, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, developed HPLC\–PDA method effectively determined the phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in various solvent and plasma samples. This method was successfully applied in conducting their oral pharmacokinetic studies.

Key words:Phyllanthus amarus, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, HPLC{\textendash}PDA, pharmacokinetics.

}, keywords = {HPLC{\textendash}PDA, hypophyllanthin, Pharmacokinetics, Phyllanthin, Phyllanthus amarus}, author = {Madhukiran Parvathaneni, and Ganga Rao Battu, and Ravikumar Jangiti, and Keerthana Diyya} } @article {1494, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Cucumber for Cognition Enhancing Effect on Brain of Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cucumber is fruit of Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. which has been used traditionally in gastrointestinal problems, skin problems and as coolant in salad for body and brain. Cucumber is a great folk medicine used to reduce heat and inflammation. Cognitive effects of cucumber are assessed in this study. Methods: Fresh fruits of Cucumis sativus L. were ground and a paste was prepared which consisted of different concentrations of cucumber (10, 20, 30 \% w/w). The three doses were given ad libitum to mice for 15 successive days. Animal models utilized were sodium nitrite induced hypoxia and object recognition task. Biochemical analysis employed estimation of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, serum glucose levels, cholesterol levels, brain lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels and reduced glutathione levels in brain of mice. Results: 6g/kg and 9g/kg doses of cucumber significantly (P\< 0.05, P\< 0.01) increased frequency of entry, number of entry and duration of entry in small compartment in sodium nitrite induced hypoxia model and depicted significantly (P\< 0.05, P\< 0.001) enhanced exploratory activity in object recognition task model. Further, biochemical analysis indicated good potential of cucumber in cognition enhancement. 9 g/kg dose (P\< 0.001) reduced brain AchE activity along with blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. 6 g/kg dose (P\< 0.01) replenished brain GSH levels and reduced lipid peroxides. Conclusion: Cucumber increased cognition in rodents.

Key words: Hypoxia, object recognition task, acetylcholinesterase, glucose, cholesterol, dementia.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Cholesterol, Dementia, Glucose, Hypoxia, object recognition task}, author = {Manish Kumar, and Milind Parle} } @article {1526, title = {Physico Chemical Characterization and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Stem Extracts Of Berberis aristata DC and Cosinium fenestratum Linn in Carrageenan Induced Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {72-77}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

An initial study on the physico-chemical properties of Berberis aristata and Cosinium fenestratum, both used as Daruharidra by the Ayurvedic drug industry, recorded all the tested parameters within the limits of Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. Also, analysis of secondary metabolite of the plants was carried out focusing on the presence and quantification of berberine in the samples. Further, the potential difference in the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of the two species was compared using carrageenan induced Wistar rats model. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, the aqueous and methanolic crude extracts of both the plant species showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema at various time intervals viz.,0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes as against the control standard drug indomethacin (p\<0.01, p\<0.001).

Key words: antiinflammation, Berberine, Berberis aristata, Cosinium fenestratum, Physico-chemical analysis.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammation, Berberine, Berberis aristata, Cosinium fenestratum, Physico-chemical analysis}, author = {S.Tamilselvi and Padma Venkatasubramanian and N.S. Vasanthi} } @article {1527, title = {Phytochemical Investigation, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Rhizomes of Euphorbia Fusiformis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {78-82}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Euphorbia fusiformis rhizomes and evaluation of extracts and each isolates for its antioxidant and antifungal activities. Results: Five compounds were isolated including Euphol 1, \β-Sitosterol 2, Caudicifolin 3, Scoparone 4 and Scopoletin 5. The occurrence of the compounds 2, 4 and 5 in the herb reported here for the first time. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.781 mg/ml) and its yielded compound 3 showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.25 mg/ml) using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Compounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated first time from this plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant and antifungal activity against A. nigar and C. Albicans. Thus, this study concludes by demonstrating the isolation, characterization, antioxidant and antifungal properties of E. fusiformis, which may have further therapeutic value.

Key Words:Euphorbia fusiformis, coumarins, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, Coumarins, Euphorbia fusiformis}, author = {Ponnam Devendar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and J. Kotesh Kumar and T. Sandeep Kumar and Savita Bhagel and K.P. Sastry} } @article {1495, title = {Portulaca oleracea extract increases lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase 1 activities and enhances reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts are generally assumed to be more acceptable and less hazardous than synthetic compounds and could be alternative antidiabetic treatments. Portula caoleracea has been used as one of the traditional edible and medicinal plant in Algeria to treat diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea on high-density lipoproteins composition, paraoxonase (PON1) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods: Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60mg/kg bw). Twelve diabetic rats, weighing 263\±5g, were divided into two groups fed a casein diet supplemented or not with Portulaca oleracea extract (1g/kg bw), for 4 weeks. Results: At d28, in Portulaca oleracea treated vs untreated diabetic group, glycemia, serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations were decreased significantly (p\<0.05). The hypolipidemic effect induced by Portulaca oleracea extract was due to the reduction of total cholesterol (TC) in LDL-HDL1 (-51\%) and C-HDL3 (-21\%). Portulaca oleracea treatment improved PON1 and LCAT activities by 48\%. HDL3-UC (acyl group acceptor) and -PL (enzyme substrate) were diminished respectively by 47\% and 82\%, whereas HDL2-CE concentrations (product of LCAT reaction) were increased by 44\%. Moreover, HDL-C levels were found to be positively correlated with PON1 activity (r=0.96, p\<0.05). Serum, LDL-HDL1, HDL2 and HDL3 TBARS levels were respectively, 2.9-, 2.6-, 2.4- and 2.8-fold lower in Portulaca oleracea treated than untreated diabetic groups. Conclusion: These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic of Portulaca oleracea extract, in STZ-induced diabetic rat. Moreover, Portulaca oleracea extract restores PON1 and ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by enhancing LCAT activity, therefore could prevent many diabetic complications by reducing dyslipidemia and oxidative damage.

Key words: Rats, Streptozotocin, Portulaca oleracea, Cholesterol, PON1, LCAT, apo A-I, lipoprotein peroxidation.

}, keywords = {apo A-I, Cholesterol, LCAT, lipoprotein peroxidation, PON1, Portulaca oleracea, Rats, Streptozotocin}, author = {Guenzet Akila, and Krouf Djamil, and Berzou Saadia} } @article {1528, title = {Protective effect of cissampelos pareira linn. Extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {59-67}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the potential nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic Cissampelos pareira (C. pareira) whole plant extract using gentamicin-induced rats. Methods: For studying acute toxicity study, single oral dose of 2g/kg hydroalcoholic extract of C. pareira was evaluated in rats by oral gavage. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated using gentamicin-induced model in rats. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay. In-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated by using glutathione and lipid peroxidation estimations in gentamicin-induced rats. Hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract was given at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Results: For acute toxicity testing rats administered with the extract at a dose 2 g/ kg. the result showed no toxicity. Hydroalcoholic C. Pareira whole plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) significantly decrease the elevated urinary glucose levels in the urine, decrease the elevated urea and creatinine levels in blood and increase the urinary creatinine levels in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. The extract had shown significant dose dependent increase in the DPPH and reducing power activity. There were a dose dependent decreasing and increasing of lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels in hydoalcoholic extract treated groups respectively. Conclusion: This study exhibits that hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract poses nephroprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Key words: Gentamicin, Cissampelos pareira, creatinine, urea, glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reducing power, DPPH.

}, keywords = {Cissampelos pareira, Creatinine, DPPH, Gentamicin, Glucose, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Reducing power, urea}, author = {D. R Ch Sekhara Reddy and G Siva Kumar and B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy and K. Phani Kumar} } @article {1516, title = {Protective Effects of Beetroot Extract against Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Anemia can be regarded as one of the oldest blood malformation known over a century. Megaloblastic anemia arises due to curtailed formation of erythrocytes, which leads to formation of a large number of underdeveloped erythrocytes. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. Beta vulgaris or beetroot is one of the important vegetables consumed worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate anti-anemic potential of beetroot. Methods: Beetroot was extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies were performed on extract. Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with extract throughout the study for 24 days. The red blood cell (RBC) number and hemoglobin concentration were determined every 3 days for 24 days. Results: Extract was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anemia, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin concentration decreased by 62.51\% and 69.64\%, respectively. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in signifi cant increase (P\< 0.001; P\< 0.01) in the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats. Conclusion: Extract effectively raised the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg. Vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Still, methodical studies are obligatory to derive its effects on humans.

Key words:Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine.

}, keywords = {Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine}, author = {Anupam Jaiswal and Aditya Ganeshpurkar and Ankita Awasthi and Divya Bansal and Nazneen Dubey} } @article {1529, title = {Protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoprotein components in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {86-91}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic rats. Helicteres isora plant extract was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) for 40 days to normal and diabetic rats. The effects of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoproteins (hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined. The levels of plasma glycoproteins containing hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose were significantly increased in diabetic rats when compared with normal control rats. There was a significant decrease in the level of sialic acid and elevated levels of hexose, hexosamine and fucose in the liver and kidney of STZ induced diabetic rats. On oral administration of Helicteres isora plant extract to diabetic rats showed decreased levels of plasma glycoproteins. The level of tissue sialic acid was increased whereas the levels of tissue hexose, hexosamine and fucose were reversed to near normal. The present study indicates that the Helicteres isora plant extract possesses a significant protective effect on glycoprotein metabolism in addition to its anti-diabetic effect.

Key words:Helicteres isora, Diabetes, Plasma Glycoproteins, Streptozotocin.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Helicteres isora, Plasma Glycoproteins, Streptozotocin}, author = {C.Elanchezhiyan and K.Kumaravel and Ahmad bhat and S.Sethupathy} }