<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herryawan RE Dyari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nazlina Ibrahim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Phaleria macrocarpa&lt;/em&gt; fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored.&lt;strong&gt; Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To determine the antiviral activity of &lt;em&gt;Phaleria macrocarpa&lt;/em&gt; fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). &lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Protein from &lt;em&gt;P. macrocarpa&lt;/em&gt; fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;) values ranged between 96 ± 1.3 to 1450 ± 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;/sub&gt;to P&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P&lt;sub&gt;6 &lt;/sub&gt;has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10&lt;sup&gt;th &lt;/sup&gt;to 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; hour post-infection. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words:&lt;/strong&gt; Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Herryawan RE Dyari&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Nazlina Ibrahim&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;,*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medical Science, Abbs Community College, Hajjah, YEMEN.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Earth Science and Environmental, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
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