<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter Blonk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian E.Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotic resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian plant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional antimicrobials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maroon bush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicinal plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1024-1035</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Scaevola spinescens&lt;/em&gt; was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination.&lt;strong&gt; Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (&amp;Sigma;FIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus pyogenes&lt;/em&gt; (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and &lt;em&gt;S. spinescens&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;S. spinescens&lt;/em&gt; extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1024</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Baxter Blonk&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian E.Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2,*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd,Nathan, Queensland, 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>