<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew James Cheesman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Interactive Antimicrobial Activities of Selected South African Terminalia spp. Extracts in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics against Gastrointestinal Pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotic potentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotic-resistant pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combretaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diarrhoea.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia gazensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia prunioides</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">692-701</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. &lt;em&gt;Terminalia sericea&lt;/em&gt; Burch. Ex DC, &lt;em&gt;Terminalia prunioides&lt;/em&gt; Laws. and &lt;em&gt;Terminalia gazensis&lt;/em&gt; Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and &lt;em&gt;Terminalia gazensis w&lt;/em&gt;ith conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using &lt;em&gt;Artemia &lt;/em&gt;franciscana nauplii lethality assays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against &lt;em&gt;B. cereus&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;S. sonnei&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S.&lt;/em&gt; newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; bioassay.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">692</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Matthew James Cheesman&lt;sup&gt;3,4&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2,*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Planetary Health and Food Security, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Menzies Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aishwarya Ilanko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional antimicrobials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug combinations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efflux pump inhibitor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicinal plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-309</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- x-tinymce/html --&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. &lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: In this study, &lt;em&gt;Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of &lt;em&gt;Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi&lt;/em&gt; (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with &lt;em&gt;Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within&lt;em&gt; Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- x-tinymce/html --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aishwarya Ilanko&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2,&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adrian Hutchings</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amla</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combinational therapies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indian gooseberry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-drug resistant bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://fulltxt.org/article/646</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">654-662</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Embelica officinalis&lt;/em&gt; Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii and HDF bioassays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The ethyl acetate &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 &amp;mu;g/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;K. pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi&lt;/em&gt;, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 &amp;mu;g/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">654</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adrian Hutchings&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1,2*&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camille Rabadeaux</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lou Vallette</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craig Davis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An examination of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Bark Extracts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African mahogany</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti bacterial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-cancer activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-proliferative activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giardia duodenalis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sub-critical fluid extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terpenoid.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.82</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504-518</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Khaya senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; (Desr.) A. Juss. is a common component of the pharmacopeia&amp;rsquo;s of multiple African groupings which inhabit the areas in which it grows. Amongst these groups there is a myriad of medicinal uses in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, as well as in the treatment of cancers. This study was undertaken to test &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; bark extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth, and thus to validate traditional African medicinal usage of this plant in treating a variety of diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; bark powder was extracted by both solvent maceration and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracts were tested for the ability to inhibit bacterial and &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis &lt;/em&gt;growth. Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cells was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay and GC-MS headspace analysis was used to identify phytochemical components. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; bark extracts displayed strong inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic and subcritical extracts was particularly noteworthy against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; (MIC values of 185 and 211&amp;mu;g/mL, respectively against the reference strains). These extracts were similarly potent growth inhibitors of &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; and A. &lt;em&gt;baylyi&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and were moderate inhibitors (MIC &amp;gt;1000&amp;mu;g/mL) of &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S. pyogenes&lt;/em&gt; growth. The methanolic and subcritical &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; extracts were also potent inhibitors of &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis &lt;/em&gt;(187 and 328&amp;mu;g/mL, respectively), as well as Caco-2 (268 and 470&amp;mu;g/mL, respectively) and HeLa carcinomas (155 and 174&amp;mu;g/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the SFE extract revealed &lt;em&gt;relative&lt;/em&gt; abundances of a variety of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, all &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; bark extracts were non-toxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; These studies validate traditional African therapeutic usage of &lt;em&gt;K. senegalensis&lt;/em&gt; in the treatment of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Camille Rabadeaux&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Lou Vallette&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;1,3&lt;/sup&gt;, Craig Davis&lt;sup&gt;4,5&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,3&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Biology, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle (EBI), Cergy, FRANCE. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Botanical Medicine Research Institute, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Bioextracts P/L, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell Henry Wright</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cameron Jay Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megan Sarah Jean Arnold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Shalom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Carlson Greene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts which Inhibit the Growth of the Pathogenic Bacterium Clostridium perfringens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enteritis necroticans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas gangrene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myonecrosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tasmannia Lanceolata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winteraceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.100/index.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">626-637</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Clostridium perfringens&lt;/em&gt; is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, often result in death. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Tasmannia lanceolata&lt;/em&gt; extracts were investigated for &lt;em&gt;C. perfringens &lt;/em&gt;growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion analysis and MIC determination. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii bioassay and the most potent extracts were phytochemically evaluated by GC-MS headspace analysis. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; All &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata&lt;/em&gt; berry and leaf extracts displayed potent&lt;em&gt; C. perfringens&lt;/em&gt; growth inhibition. The berry extracts were more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding leaf extracts, although the leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors. The berry aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 654, 65 and 329 &amp;mu;g/mL respectively. &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata &lt;/em&gt;leaf also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 839, 1255 and 625 &amp;mu;g/mL for the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. All extracts were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay, with LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values substantially &amp;gt; 1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. Non-biased GC-MS analysis of the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate berry extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of terpenoids. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against &lt;em&gt;C. perfringens&lt;/em&gt; indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. GC-MS metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of terpenoids, with monoterpenoids being particularly abundant.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">626</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitchell Henry Wright,&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt; Cameron Jay Lee,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Megan Sarah Jean Arnold,&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Joseph Shalom,&lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt; Alan White,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Anthony Carlson Greene,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Ian Edwin Cock &lt;sup&gt;2,4 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health &amp;amp; Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland, AUSTRALIA&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland, AUSTRALIA&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell Henry Wright</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Carlson Greene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthrax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacillus anthracis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combretastatin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kakadu plum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metabolomics.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stilbene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoonotic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Terminalia ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of &lt;em&gt;Bacillus anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum. The ability to inhibit the growth of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt; was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Solvent extractions of &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377&amp;mu;g/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt; growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 &amp;mu;g/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia fransiscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay, with LC50 values &amp;gt;1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The low toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitchell Henry Wright&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Anthony Carlson Greene&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell Henry Wright</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Carlson Greene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacillus anthracis growth Inhibitory Properties of Australian Terminalia spp.: Putative Identification of low Polarity Volatile Components by GC-MS Headspace Analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthrax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combretaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metabolomic profiling.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native almond</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia carpentariae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia grandiflora</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wild peach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-290</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Anthrax is a severe acute disease caused by &lt;em&gt;Bacillus anthracis&lt;/em&gt; infections. If untreated, it often results in mortality. Many &lt;em&gt;Terminalia &lt;/em&gt;spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian &lt;em&gt;Terminalia&lt;/em&gt; spp. extracts to inhibit &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis &lt;/em&gt;growth. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Solvent extracts were prepared from &lt;em&gt;Terminalia carpentariae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Terminalia grandiflora &lt;/em&gt;plant material and investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were analysed by GC-MS headspace analysis. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;T. carpentariae&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; T. grandiflora &lt;/em&gt;leaf, fruit and nut solvent extractions displayed good growth inhibitory activity against &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. Methanolic &lt;em&gt;T. Carpentariae &lt;/em&gt;leaf and &lt;em&gt;T. grandiflora&lt;/em&gt; nut extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 74 and 155 &amp;micro;g/mL respectively. The &lt;em&gt;T. carpentariae&lt;/em&gt; leaf ethyl acetate extract was also a good inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt; growth (MIC 340 &amp;micro;g/mL). All other extracts were substantially less potent growth inhibitors. Interestingly, the&lt;em&gt; T. Carpentariae &lt;/em&gt;leaf extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia fransiscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay, with LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values &amp;gt;1000 &amp;micro;g/mL. In contrast, the LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value 740 &amp;micro;g/mL reported for the methanolic &lt;em&gt;T. grandiflora &lt;/em&gt;nut extract indicates low-moderate toxicity. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (methanolic &lt;em&gt;T. carpentariae&lt;/em&gt; leaf and &lt;em&gt;T. grandiflora&lt;/em&gt; nut) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic &lt;em&gt;T. Carpentariae &lt;/em&gt;leaf and &lt;em&gt;T. grandiflora &lt;/em&gt;nutextracts against &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;anthracis&lt;/em&gt; indicates their potential for the treatment and prevention of anthrax. Furthermore, thelack toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. Carpentariae &lt;/em&gt;leaf and the low-moderate toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. grandiflora &lt;/em&gt;nut extract, indicates that their use may extend to all forms of the disease (cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal).&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitchell Henry Wright&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Anthony Carlson Greene&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsayed Omer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelsamed Elshamy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdel Nasser El Gendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xin Cai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acinitobacter baylyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klebsiella pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus mirabilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus vulgaris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas areuginosa.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-374</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although &lt;em&gt;Cakile maritima&lt;/em&gt; has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; All &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 3.4 &amp;mu;g/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; between 4.7 and 13.6 &amp;mu;g/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against&lt;em&gt; Proteus mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Proteus vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 &amp;mu;g/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the &lt;em&gt;Proteus&lt;/em&gt; spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 &amp;mu;g/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; growth, albeit with higher MIC&amp;rsquo;s (approximately 1500 &amp;mu;g/mL). All other &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay, with LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values substantially &amp;gt;1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the &lt;em&gt;C. maritima &lt;/em&gt;ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Elsayed Omer&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdelsamed Elshamy&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdel Nasser El Gendy&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Xin Cai&lt;sup&gt;3,4&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;4,5&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;4,5&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, National Research Centre, Dokki (12622), Giza, EGYPT.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Centre, Dokki (12622), Giza, EGYPT.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, CHINA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corkwood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyoscyamine.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheumatic Heart Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542-550</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Duboisia leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;F.Muell. is a medium to large tree which is native to subtropical regions of eastern Australia.&lt;em&gt; Duboisia&lt;/em&gt; spp. contain a number of psychoactive tropane and pyrrolidine alkaloids with reported antibacterial activity. Despite this, &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The antimicrobial activity of &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf solvent extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination and growth time course assays. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis &lt;/em&gt;(MICs of 85 and 116 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively) and &lt;em&gt;P. vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; (MIC of 187 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; growth (MICs of 143 and 118 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively). The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae &lt;/em&gt;within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ian Edwin Cock &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isaac Biggs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commiphora molmol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpenoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple sclerosis.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrrh</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sesquiterpenoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terpenoid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-202</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (&lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;), ankylosing spondylitis (&lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;) and multiple sclerosis (&lt;em&gt;A. baylyi&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterization of individual components in the crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;, with MIC values substantially &amp;lt; 1000 &amp;mu;g/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis &lt;/em&gt;reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 &amp;mu;g/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi &lt;/em&gt;(MIC approximately 3000 &amp;mu;g/mL) and &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa &lt;/em&gt;(MIC approximately 1800 &amp;mu;g/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacterial species, albeit with moderate (MIC values 1000-5000 &amp;mu;g/mL) to low efficacy (MIC values &amp;gt;5000 &amp;mu;g/mL) against all bacterial species. All myrrh extracts were non-toxicin the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay, with LC50 values substantially above 1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace&amp;nbsp;analysis of the methanolic extracti dentified a high diversity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity of the methanolic myrrh extract against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Biggs&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;,Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2*&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell Henry Wright</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Matthews</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Carlson Greene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibacterial extracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian medicinal plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enteritis necroticans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas gangrene.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kakadu plum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myonecrosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia ferdinandiana</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-153</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clostridium perfringens&lt;/em&gt; is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. &lt;em&gt;Terminalia ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of &lt;em&gt;Clostridium perfringens&lt;/em&gt;. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against &lt;em&gt;C. perfringens&lt;/em&gt;. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 &amp;mu;g/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 &amp;mu;g/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana &lt;/em&gt;extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The low toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana &lt;/em&gt;extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against &lt;em&gt;C. perfringens&lt;/em&gt; indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitchell Henry Wright,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Joseph Sirdaarta,&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt; Ben &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Matthews,&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anthony Carlson Greene,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Ian Edwin Cock,&lt;sup&gt;1,2*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Smart Waters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paran Rayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Matthews</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pauline Mc Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative therapies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Giardial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-oxidant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastrointestinal parasite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giardisis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tasmanian pepper.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-299</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus &lt;em&gt;Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata &lt;/em&gt;(Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Solvent extracts of &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata &lt;/em&gt;berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/em&gt; growth. The IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata &lt;/em&gt;berry and leaf extracts displayed potent &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/em&gt; growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of approximately 180 &amp;micro;g/ml and 420 &amp;micro;g/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/em&gt; growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata &lt;/em&gt;berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata&lt;/em&gt; berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia fransiscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The low toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. lanceolata&lt;/em&gt; extracts and their potent &lt;em&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/em&gt; growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paran Rayan&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Ben Matthews&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Pauline Mc Donnell&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Smartwaters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandra Fernandez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Therapeutic Properties of Juniperus Communis L.: Antioxidant Capacity, Bacterial growth Inhibition, Anticancer Activity and Toxicity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-bacterial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autoimmune inflammatory disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CaCo2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HeLa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juniper berry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traditional medicine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-280</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;J. Communi s&lt;/em&gt;berry is a high antioxidant fruit which is used in several traditional medicinal systems to treat a variety of diseases including rheumatism, arthritis and gout&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory activity of &lt;em&gt;J. communis&lt;/em&gt; berry extracts on the growth of several bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory disease, and to test their ability to block CaCo&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and HeLa cancer cell proliferation. &lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;J. Communis &lt;/em&gt;solvent extracts were preparedusing solvents of varying polarity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of a panel of pathogenic bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Inhibitory activity against CaCo&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and HeLa human carcinoma cell lines was evaluated using an MTS colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The methanol, water and ethyl acetate &lt;em&gt;J. communis&lt;/em&gt; berry extracts displayed moderate to potent growth inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The methanol and water extracts displayed the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethyl acetate extract also displayed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 9 of the 13 bacterial strains (69%). The ethyl acetate extract displayed the greatest potency, with MIC values substantially below 2000 &amp;micro;g/mL for all bacteria which it inhibited. It was most effective at inhibiting the growth of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;P. vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S. aureus&lt;/em&gt;, each with MIC&amp;rsquo;s &amp;le; 500 &amp;micro;g/mL. The methanol and water extracts also proved effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line CaCo&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and HeLa cervical cancer cell growth, with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values in the 1300-2500 &amp;micro;g/mL range. All extracts were non-toxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The lack of toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;J. Communis &lt;/em&gt;berry extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and HeLa and CaCo&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; carcinoma cells indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orginal Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alejandra Fernandez&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell Henry Wright</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Carlson Greene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis growth by Australian native plants used traditionally as antibacterial medicines</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthrax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibacterial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacillus anthracis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaevola spinescens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tasmannia stipitata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traditional medicine.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoonotic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium &lt;em&gt;Bacillus anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. It is often fatal if left untreated. Many Australian plants have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian plant extracts to inhibit &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt; growth. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Solvent extracts were prepared using plants with documented ethnobotanical usage to treat bacterial infections, or published antibacterial activity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay.&lt;strong&gt; Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Methanolic and aqueous extracts of &lt;em&gt;Eucalyptus baileyana&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Eucalyptus major&lt;/em&gt; displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt;. The methanolic extracts were particularly potent with MIC values as low as 290 &amp;mu;g/mL (&lt;em&gt;E. major &lt;/em&gt;methanolic extract). &lt;em&gt;Tasmannia insipidia&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; Tasmannia stipitata&lt;/em&gt; extracts also inhibited &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis &lt;/em&gt;growth, albeit with low efficacy. The &lt;em&gt;E. baileyana&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;E. major&lt;/em&gt; methanolic leaf extracts as well as the &lt;em&gt;E. baileyana&lt;/em&gt; aqueous leaf extract induced significant mortality in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia fransiscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay, with LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values substantially &amp;lt;1000 &amp;mu;g/mL, indicating the toxicity of these extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The potent inhibitory bioactivity of the &lt;em&gt;E. baileyana&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;E. major&lt;/em&gt; extracts against &lt;em&gt;B. anthracis&lt;/em&gt; demonstrate their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax. However, their toxicity indicates that their use may be limited to the treatment of the cutaneous form of the disease, or for sterilisation of infected sites.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mitchell Henry Wright&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Anthony Carlson Greene&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2* &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.&lt;/p&gt;
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