<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph M Kathare</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James M Mbaria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph M Nguta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gervason A Moriasi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfred O Mainga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antimicrobial Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Investigation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Bridellia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brine shrimp lethality Assay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Median lethal concentration (LC50)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">median lethal dose (LD50)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimum inhibitory concentration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zone of Inhibition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1248-1256</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Microbial infections cause high morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Antimicrobial resistance, emergence of new strains, high costs of antibiotics, inaccessibility-especially in remote areas, and adverse effects, impede successful eradications of pathogens, hence the need for novel strategies. &lt;em&gt;Bridellia micrantha&lt;/em&gt; is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections; however, it has not been empirically validated.&lt;strong&gt; Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of &lt;em&gt;Bridellia micrantha&lt;/em&gt; was investigated using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts in exposed nauplii. Acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts in Winstar rats were investigated following the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The aqueous and methanolic extract of B. micrantha indicated varied antimicrobial activities against &lt;em&gt;E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;C. albicans,&lt;/em&gt; with inhibition zones ranging from 6.00mm to 19.00mm. Furthermore, the studied plant extracts exhibited low MIC values (≤100 μg/ml) on selected microbes. Since the MIC values were much lower than 1000μg/ml (the cutoff for antimicrobial efficacy appraisal), it is anticipated that, the studied plant extracts can be strong antibiotics. The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of &lt;em&gt;B. micrantha&lt;/em&gt; were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of 486.67±3.15 μg/ml and 458.33±2.87 μg/ml, respectively; however, these extracts did not elicit any observable signs of toxicity in rat models. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinones were detected in the two studied extracts.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of &lt;em&gt;B. micrantha&lt;/em&gt; have appreciable antimicrobial activity against &lt;em&gt;E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;C. albicans&lt;/em&gt;. Besides, the studied plant extracts are cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii; but they do not cause acute oral toxicity effects in rat models. Additionally, the studied plant extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals, with antimicrobial activity.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1248</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Joseph M. Kathare&lt;sup&gt;1,&lt;/sup&gt;*, James M. Mbaria&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph M. Nguta&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Gervason A. Moriasi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Alfred O. Mainga&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053- 00625, Nairobi, KENYA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, P.O. 342-01000, Thika, KENYA.&lt;/p&gt;
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