<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T. Sudhakar Johnson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashit Vora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vatsavaya S. Raju</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sameer C. Patil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy of Bergenia ciliata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergenin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dietary supplement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney stones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pashanabheda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-322</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The crude drug (Pāshānabheda) described in several pharmacopoeias is the rhizome of the plant species &lt;em&gt;Bergenia ciliata&lt;/em&gt; (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), an evergreen, perennial temperate herb that grows at an elevation of 900‒3000 m AMSL in the Indian Himalaya. The rhizome has been used for centuries to treat kidney and bladder stones and rheumatoid arthritis besides the other therapeutic and nutraceutical applications in ethnomedicine, traditional, Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine.&lt;strong&gt; Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;In view of issues in identifying raw material and segregating the adulterants of the crude drug, a pharmacognostic study was undertaken to provide ways for its safe use by obtaining detailed anatomical features of both the rhizome and the root of &lt;em&gt;Bergenia ciliata&lt;/em&gt; by means of fresh and dried material. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A brief description of the crude drug and its powder is made available employing the standard microscopic and phytochemical evaluations. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Using in-house developed thin-layer chromatography and HPLC methods, bergenin has been isolated in rhizome extract for quality control purposes. Traditional and therapeutic uses of the principal bioactive constituent bergenin, arbutin and the other phytochemical constituents are discussed. Furthermore, an account of raw material specifications for the rhizome, standards used, and regulatory status are presented against the background of the published information. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Results presented in the report will further lead to future studies on beneficial and quality control aspects of the rhizome and to develop a potential nutraceutical, dietary supplement.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T. Sudhakar Johnson&lt;sup&gt;1*&lt;/sup&gt;, Ashit Vora&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Vatsavaya S. Raju&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Sameer C. Patil&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Phytoveda Pvt Ltd. 1104, Universal Majestic, P. L. Lokhande Marg, Govandi, Mumbai-400 043, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Botany, Plant Systematics Laboratory, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, 192, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 195, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aishwarya Ilanko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional antimicrobials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug combinations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efflux pump inhibitor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicinal plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-309</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- x-tinymce/html --&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. &lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: In this study, &lt;em&gt;Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of &lt;em&gt;Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi&lt;/em&gt; (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with &lt;em&gt;Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within&lt;em&gt; Petalostigma&lt;/em&gt; spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- x-tinymce/html --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aishwarya Ilanko&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2,&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adrian Hutchings</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amla</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combinational therapies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indian gooseberry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-drug resistant bacteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://fulltxt.org/article/646</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">654-662</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Embelica officinalis&lt;/em&gt; Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii and HDF bioassays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The ethyl acetate &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 &amp;mu;g/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;K. pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi&lt;/em&gt;, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 &amp;mu;g/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;em&gt;E. officinalis&lt;/em&gt; fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">654</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adrian Hutchings&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1,2*&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsayed Omer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelsamed Elshamy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdel Nasser El Gendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xin Cai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acinitobacter baylyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klebsiella pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus mirabilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus vulgaris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas areuginosa.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-374</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although &lt;em&gt;Cakile maritima&lt;/em&gt; has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; All &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 3.4 &amp;mu;g/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; between 4.7 and 13.6 &amp;mu;g/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against&lt;em&gt; Proteus mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Proteus vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 &amp;mu;g/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the &lt;em&gt;Proteus&lt;/em&gt; spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 &amp;mu;g/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; growth, albeit with higher MIC&amp;rsquo;s (approximately 1500 &amp;mu;g/mL). All other &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay, with LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values substantially &amp;gt;1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the &lt;em&gt;C. maritima&lt;/em&gt; ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the &lt;em&gt;C. maritima &lt;/em&gt;ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Elsayed Omer&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdelsamed Elshamy&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdel Nasser El Gendy&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Xin Cai&lt;sup&gt;3,4&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;4,5&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;4,5&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, National Research Centre, Dokki (12622), Giza, EGYPT.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Centre, Dokki (12622), Giza, EGYPT.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, CHINA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corkwood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyoscyamine.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheumatic Heart Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542-550</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Duboisia leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;F.Muell. is a medium to large tree which is native to subtropical regions of eastern Australia.&lt;em&gt; Duboisia&lt;/em&gt; spp. contain a number of psychoactive tropane and pyrrolidine alkaloids with reported antibacterial activity. Despite this, &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The antimicrobial activity of &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf solvent extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination and growth time course assays. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis &lt;/em&gt;(MICs of 85 and 116 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively) and &lt;em&gt;P. vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; (MIC of 187 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; growth (MICs of 143 and 118 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively). The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae &lt;/em&gt;within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ian Edwin Cock &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isaac Biggs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan White</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commiphora molmol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpenoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple sclerosis.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrrh</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sesquiterpenoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terpenoid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-202</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (&lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;), ankylosing spondylitis (&lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;) and multiple sclerosis (&lt;em&gt;A. baylyi&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterization of individual components in the crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;, with MIC values substantially &amp;lt; 1000 &amp;mu;g/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis &lt;/em&gt;reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 &amp;mu;g/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi &lt;/em&gt;(MIC approximately 3000 &amp;mu;g/mL) and &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa &lt;/em&gt;(MIC approximately 1800 &amp;mu;g/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacterial species, albeit with moderate (MIC values 1000-5000 &amp;mu;g/mL) to low efficacy (MIC values &amp;gt;5000 &amp;mu;g/mL) against all bacterial species. All myrrh extracts were non-toxicin the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay, with LC50 values substantially above 1000 &amp;mu;g/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace&amp;nbsp;analysis of the methanolic extracti dentified a high diversity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity of the methanolic myrrh extract against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Biggs&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Joseph Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Alan White&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;,Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2*&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R. Courtney</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthews B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I.E. Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acinetobacter baylyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klebsiella pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus mirabilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia ferdinandiana</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27th Nov, 2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-31</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals.&lt;em&gt; Terminalia ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. &lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the&lt;em&gt; Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate&lt;em&gt; T. Ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 &amp;mu;g/ml against&lt;em&gt; P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi&lt;/em&gt; (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. &lt;em&gt;pneumonia&lt;/em&gt;(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 &amp;mu;g/ml) against P. &lt;em&gt;aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally &amp;lt; 1000 &amp;mu;g/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 &amp;mu;g/ml. All T. &lt;em&gt;ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the&lt;em&gt; Artemia fransiscana &lt;/em&gt;bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The low toxicity of the T. &lt;em&gt;ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Terminalia ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt;, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, &lt;em&gt;Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R. Courtney, J. Sirdaarta, B. Matthews, I. E. Cock</style></custom1><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R. Courtney&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;, J. Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;a,b&lt;/sup&gt;, B. Matthews&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;, I. E. Cock&lt;sup&gt;a,b*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;Smartwaters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R Courtney</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Sirdaarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B Matthews</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I E Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acinetobacter baylyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klebsiella pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteus mirabilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia ferdinandiana</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-31</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. &lt;em&gt;Terminalia ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate &lt;em&gt;T. Ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 &amp;mu;g/ml against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;A. baylyi &lt;/em&gt;(both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against &lt;em&gt;K. pneumonia &lt;/em&gt;(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 &amp;mu;g/ml) against &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally &amp;lt; 1000 &amp;mu;g/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 &amp;mu;g/ml. All &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia fransiscana&lt;/em&gt; bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The low toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;T. ferdinandiana&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R. Courtney&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;, J. Sirdaarta&lt;sup&gt;a,b&lt;/sup&gt;, B. Matthews&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;, I. E. Cock&lt;sup&gt;a,b*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland 4111,&lt;br /&gt;
Australia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;Smartwaters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>