<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharada L. Deore</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjali A. Kide</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhushan A. Baviskar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somshekhar S. Khadabadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhavana A Shende</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Neuroprotective Efficacy of Indian Shankhpushpi Varieties in Alzheimer’s disease – North Vs South</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzheimer’s disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dementia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopoletin.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taraxerol</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">372-377</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: Shankhpushpi is a well-known Ayurvedic memory enhancing medicine associated with controversy. Among the various varieties, Convolvulus pleuricaulis and Clitorea ternatia are widely used in commercial memory enhancing formulations under the name of Shankhpushpi. Convolvulus pleuricaulis is recognized as true shankhpushpi in North side of India, however in southern part of India, Clitorea ternatia is accepted as Shankhpushpi. &lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; The present study aims to compare neuroprotective efficacy of &lt;em&gt;C. pleuricaulis &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;C. ternatea&lt;/em&gt; by &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;in vivo &lt;/em&gt;methods and establish scientifically validated data to choose appropriate shankhpushpi variety for commercial use. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Both herbs were extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol for 5 - 6 hours at 60 - 65̊ C. The presence of neuroprotective principles - taraxerol and scopoletin in extracts was confirmed by the Thin Layer Chromatography. The preliminary screening for neuroprotective efficacy of extracts was done by in vitro free radical scavenging, Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition and LOX enzyme level estimation. Invivo study of extracts included behavioral assessment of adult rats by Y maze, Morris water maze using scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s disease like model. &lt;strong&gt;Result: &lt;/strong&gt;Extracts of both &lt;em&gt;C. pleuricaulis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;C. ternatea &lt;/em&gt;significantly scavenged free radicals, inhibited acetyl cholinesterase and LOX enzyme in vitro. But in in-vivo study, significant retention of spatial and working memory was observed in rats administered with &lt;em&gt;C. pleuricaulis&lt;/em&gt; as compared to&lt;em&gt; C. ternatea.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. pleuricaulis &lt;/em&gt;more significantly shields against memory loss and dementia by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and memory impairment. Hence should be used in commericial neuroprotective formulation as chief source of Shankhpushpi instead of &lt;em&gt;C. ternatea.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">372</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sharada L. Deore, Anjali A. Kide*, Bhushan A. Baviskar, Somshekhar S. Khadabadi, Bhavana A Shende&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, Amravati -444601, Maharshtra, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jai Prabhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K Prabhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anathbandhu Chaudhuri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VS Kalai Selvi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TK Balaji</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sruthi Dinakar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayurvedic medicine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elevated Plus Maze</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroprotection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piracetam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saraswatharishtam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February  2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s etc. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jai Prabhu&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, K Prabhu&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Anathbandhu Chaudhuri&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao&lt;sup&gt;4,&lt;/sup&gt;*, VS Kalai Selvi&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, TK Balaji&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;, Sruthi Dinakar&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Research Scholar, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35401, USA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Health City, Chennai 603103, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;Ayurvedic Physician, Kottakkal Arya Vaidhya Sala, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jai Prabhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K Prabhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anathbandhu Chaudhuri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">V S Kalai Selvi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T K Balaji</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shruthi Dinakar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayurvedic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elevated Plus Maze</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuro-protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piracetam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saraswatharishtam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-472</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s etc. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jai Prabhu&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, K Prabhu&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Anathbandhu Chaudhuri&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao&lt;sup&gt;4,*&lt;/sup&gt;, VS Kalai Selvi&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, TK Balaji&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;, Sruthi Dinakar&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Research Scholar, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35401, USA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Health City, Chennai 603103, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;Ayurvedic Physician, Kottakkal Arya Vaidhya Sala, Chennai, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aslam Pathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdulrahman Alshahrani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroprotective Effects of Valeriana wallichii on Scopolamine Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzheimer’s disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elevated Plus Maze</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroprotective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeriana wallichii</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">s38-s41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; Alzheimer&amp;rsquo;s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in worldwide, treatment options is extremely limited and costly. The present study was conducted to investigate and validate the traditional claim of &lt;em&gt;Valeriana wallichii&lt;/em&gt; on scopolamine treated rats as an AD model. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;em&gt;Valeriana wallichii&lt;/em&gt; rhizome ethanol extract (25 mg/kg/day) was administered daily along with scopolamine for a period of 14 days following which the elevated plus maze test were performed to assess learning and memory. Rats treated with scopolamine or vehicle only were also included in the experiment. &lt;strong&gt;Result:&lt;/strong&gt; The study demonstrate that scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the &lt;em&gt;Valeriana wallichii&lt;/em&gt; rhizome ethanol extract.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The study demonstrates the ability of the&lt;em&gt; Valeriana wallichii&lt;/em&gt; rhizome ethanol extract to reverse scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6s</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">s38</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aslam Pathan&lt;sup&gt;1,*&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdulrahman Alshahrani&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Ministry of Higher Education, Shaqra-11961, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Internal Medicine (Neurology), College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Ministry of Higher Education, Shaqra-11961, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ankylosing spondylitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corkwood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyoscyamine.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheumatic Heart Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheumatoid arthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopolamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542-550</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Duboisia leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;F.Muell. is a medium to large tree which is native to subtropical regions of eastern Australia.&lt;em&gt; Duboisia&lt;/em&gt; spp. contain a number of psychoactive tropane and pyrrolidine alkaloids with reported antibacterial activity. Despite this, &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The antimicrobial activity of &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf solvent extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination and growth time course assays. Toxicity was determined using the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana&lt;/em&gt; nauplii bioassay. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis &lt;/em&gt;(MICs of 85 and 116 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively) and &lt;em&gt;P. vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; (MIC of 187 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; growth (MICs of 143 and 118 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively). The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii &lt;/em&gt;leaf extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of &lt;em&gt;P. mirabilis&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae &lt;/em&gt;within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia franciscana &lt;/em&gt;nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The lack of toxicity of the &lt;em&gt;D. leichhardtii&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ian Edwin Cock &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.&lt;/p&gt;
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