<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinesh Kumar Singh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Divya jyoti Singh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoactivated chlorophyllin and acetylcholinesterase/ cytochrome oxidase activity in Fasciola gigantica cercaria larvae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acetylcholinesterase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cercaria larva</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome oxidase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fasciola Gigantica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymnaea acuminata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nervous tissue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://fulltxt.org/article/667</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">768-772</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; The effect of chlorophyllin (CHL), CHL + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) and FCU on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase activity in the nervous tissue of the host snail &lt;em&gt;Lymnaea acuminata&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; parasitic cercaria larvae of &lt;em&gt;Fasciola gigantica&lt;/em&gt; were studied. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Whole cercaria larvae and snail nervous tissue was homogenized and supernatant was used as an enzyme source. Enzyme activity was measured in 10-mm path length cuvette using incubation mixtures and change in optical density was recorded. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Sublethal 4 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 40% and 80% of these formulations in sunlight and laboratory conditions caused no significant change in AChE activity in the nervous tissue of host snail. It was noted that sublethal &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; 8 h exposure to 40% and 80% of 4 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of single and binary combination of CHL+FCU, CHL and FCU significantly altered the AChE and cytochrome oxidase activity in the cercaria larvae. Binary combinations of CHL+FCU in sunlight were more effective in inhibiting both the enzymes. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The present study reported that enzymes AChE and cytochrome oxidase were inhibited by chlorophyllin formulations and thus causing the larval death inside the snail body without affecting the snail itself which is an important bioindicator of aquatic ecosytem.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">768</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dinesh Kumar Singh&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, Divya Jyoti Singh&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin: 273 009, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kavita Singh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D.K. Singh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinay Kumar Singh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorophyllin Treatment Against the Snail Lymnaea acuminata: A new tool in Fasciolosis Control</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorophyllin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fasciola Gigantica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fasciolosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymnaea acuminata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodynamic Reaction.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Molluscicide</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.94/index.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">594-598</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; To observe the toxicity of chlorophyllin against &lt;em&gt;Lymnaea acuminata&lt;/em&gt; to control fasciolosis caused by liver fluke &lt;em&gt;fasciola gigantica,&lt;/em&gt; very prominent in eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Ten snails &lt;em&gt;Lymnaea acuminata&lt;/em&gt; were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin. Chlorophyll was extracted from spinach with the help of macerated leaves and kept for 2 h in 100% ethanol at 55&amp;ordm;C. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The results of the experiment showed that the photodynamically active chlorophyllin, at low concentration was able to kill the snails under exposure of solar radiation in summer season instead of winter season. In winter, extracted chlorophyllin toxicity against &lt;em&gt;L.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;acuminata&lt;/em&gt; in sunlight (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 91.82 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) /laboratory condition (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 921.93 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) was less than pure chlorophyllin in sunlight (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 12.05 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) /laboratory condition (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;19.22 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), respectively. In summer, pure chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 3.90 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) than laboratory condition (96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 7.18 mg L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Pure chlorophyllin is more than five times toxic than synthetic molluscicides. Treatment of chlorophyllin caused no toxic effect against the fish (&lt;em&gt;Colisa fasciatus&lt;/em&gt;). The result presented in this paper is found very beneficial and ecologically safe, as a photodynamic substance chlorophyllin, which found in every green plant. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Phytotherapy of snails by photodynamic water soluble chlorophyllin to control fasciolosis can be used as potent molluscicides with low cost and easily biodegradable.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">594</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kavita Singh, DK Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh&lt;sup&gt;* &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neelam Soni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinesh Kumar Singh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinay Kumar Singh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inhibition Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases by the Active Constituents of Terminalia arjuna and Tamarindus indica in the Cerebral Ganglion of Lymnaea acuminata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arjunolic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzymes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymnaea acuminata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Procynadine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamarindus indica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia arjuna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://phcogj.com/fulltext/292</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-156</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Paper demonstrates effect of the active molluscicidal components arjunolic acid (&lt;em&gt;Terminalia arjuna&lt;/em&gt; bark) and procynadine (&lt;em&gt;Tamarindus indica&lt;/em&gt; seed) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatases (ACP/ALP) in the cerebral ganglion of snail &lt;em&gt;Lymnaea acuminata&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Kinetics of AChE/ACP/ ALP inhibition in the cerebral ganglion of snail &lt;em&gt;Lymnaea acuminata&lt;/em&gt; was studied via &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; (40% and 80% of 96 h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;) and &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; treatments (0.3 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g to 7.0 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g) of the column purified fractions, arjunolic acid and procynadine. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;In vivo&lt;/em&gt; exposure of procynadine and arjunolic acid significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the cerebral ganglion of &lt;em&gt;L. acuminata&lt;/em&gt; exposed to 80% of 96h LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; treatment maximum inhibition in AChE/ACP/ALP activities in the cerebral ganglion of snail were noted when exposed to 7.0 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g of arjunolic acid and 0.9 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;g of procynadine. Column purified fraction of &lt;em&gt;T. arjuna&lt;/em&gt; bark and &lt;em&gt;T. indica&lt;/em&gt; seed caused non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of AChE activity, respectively. Column purified fraction and arjunolic acid of &lt;em&gt;T. arjuna&lt;/em&gt; bark caused uncompetitive inhibition of ACP while column purified fraction and procynadine of &lt;em&gt;T. indica&lt;/em&gt; seed caused competitive inhibition. Competitivenon- competitive inhibition of ALP activity in the cerebral ganglion of &lt;em&gt;L. acuminata&lt;/em&gt; was observed after treatment of column purified active components of both plants. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The molluscicidal activity of &lt;em&gt;T. arjuna&lt;/em&gt; bark (arjunolic acid) and &lt;em&gt;T. indica&lt;/em&gt; seed (procynadine) against snail &lt;em&gt;L. acuminata&lt;/em&gt; is due to the inhibition of AChE/ACP/ ALP. Their inhibition kinetics against AChE/ACP/ALP, were different in cerebral ganglion of snail.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neelam Soni, Dinesh Kumar Singh, Vinay Kumar Singh* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Department of Zoology, Malacology laboratory, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>