Phytochemical Screening and Content Determination of Different Species of Genus Caesalpinia belonging to Different Origin with Antidiabetic Activity

Aim: The main aim of the study is to investigate the phytochemical screening of C. decapetala along with the content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia with respect to their antidiabetic activity and identification of most bioactive species belonging to different origins. Methods: To achieve our goal different species of genus Caesalpinia collected from China and Pakistan were subjected to open column chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant, and antidiabetic assays for evaluation. Results: From η-BuOH fraction of C. decapetala extract, eight compounds were isolated using open column chromatography and identified as apigenin-7-rhamnoside (1), 4-O-methylepisappanol (2), caesalpinol (3), daucosterol (4), astragalin (5), kaempferol (6), quercitrin (7), and naringin (8) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. HPLC analysis of different species of genus Caesalpinia showed that the most active antidiabetic compound ‘quercitrin’ was present more in C. pulcherrima followed by decreasing order in C. sappan, C.decapetala, and C. bonduc. Conclusion: The results indicated that quercitrin is the most bioactive content and C. pulcherrima is most bioactive specie of China origin from genus Caesalpinia.


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as the main regulator of body stored body fat, insulin resistance, and energy balance.Insulin controls various functions at the level of gene transcription, protein translation, and enzyme activity.PTP1B is the negative regulator of insulin signaling mechanism.It improves the insulin sensitivity in obese patients.Deletion of overexpression of PTP1B could be an effective and potential therapy for ameliorating diabetes and obesity. 6Therefore, by considering these causing factors, diabetes can be controlled and ameliorated.Many types of medicinal plants and their extracts have been reported with significant antidiabetic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals which are responsible for providing protection from disease prevalence.C. decapetala (CD), known as Roth, is a pantropical genus belonging to family Fabaceae around 120-1250 species of tree, shrubs and lignans.Traditionally, several species belonging to genus Caesalpinia have been known to possess properties as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatotoxicity, wound healing, and fever. 7Recently a study was conducted which proved the traditional use of extract of C.
were dissolved in MeOH-d 4 (CD 3 OD) and then analyzed by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR.

Development of fingerprint pattern by HPLC-UV of C. decapetala along with their quantitative and qualitative analysis
The powdered leaves (1 g) of different samples of Caesalpinia species were sonicated in 100 mL of MeOH for 30 min for pattern investigation by HPLC-UV.RP-C18 kromas-il column (250 × 4.6, 5 μm) was used with different gradient of mobile phase (0.1% AA in water (solvent A) and MeOH (solvent B): 0 min, 95% A; 10 min, 85% A; 20 min, 70% A; 30 min, 50% A; 60 min, 95% A).The column was equilibrated with 85% A for 10 min before next injection with the flow rate of 1mL/min at a wavelength of 330 nm.The injected volume was 20 uL.The column temperature was kept at 25°C.Peak analysis and identification were done with standard compounds and retention time using HPLC chromatography equipped with UV detector and further comparative analysis of isolated compounds was investigated.

DPPH assay
The DPPH activity of the isolated compounds and extract of Caesalpinia species were investigated using the method prescribed. 9In 96 well-plate 20 uL of the sample with different dose of concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125 ug/mL) and isolated compounds (100, 75, 50, and 25 uM), 180 uL of the 0.1 mM solution was added and incubated for 30 min at 37°C.The absorbance was measured at 517 nm.Each observation was performed in triplicate.Ascorbic acid (AA) and trolox were considered as positive controls.Furthermore, inhibition percentage was calculated.

Measurement of superoxide anion radical scavenging activity
Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds and extracts of Caesalpinia species were investigated using the method reported earlier. 9160 uL of reaction mixture containing hypoxanthine 0.6 mM, NBT 0.2 mM, and EDTA 1Mm were prepared in phosphate buffer solution 50 mM containing pH 7.4 was added in 20 uL of test sample of different concentrations (200, 100, 50 and 25 µM) followed by incubation at 37°C for 8 min and measurement was done at 590 nm.Allopurinol was used as positive control.All observations were measured in triplicate.Percentage inhibition was calculated.

ABTS radical scavenging activity
ABTS activity of the isolated compounds and extract of Caesalpinia species were investigated in accordance with the method prescribed. 9tock solution containing 7.4 mM of ABTS and 2.6 mM of potassium per sulfate was prepared and kept for one day in the dark.Later, the dilution of the stock solution was done using the MeOH until the absorbance came within the range of 0.8 -1.2 at 732 nm.To 50 uL of sample solution of different doses (250, 125,100 and 50 µM), 950 µL of ABTS was added.Absorbance was measured at 732 nm using a spectrophotometer.AA and trolox were used as positive control while MeOH was used as negative control.All observations were measured in triplicate.Percentage inhibition was calculated from the observations.α-glucosidase assay UV spectrophotometer was used to investigate the enzyme inhibition.The reaction mixture was prepared using 20 μL of potassium phosphate buffer 100 mM (Ph 6.8) and 20 μL of ρ-npg 2.5 mM.Add 40 μL of the reaction mixture to 20 μL of sample with different concentrations (100 μM, 50 μM, 25 μM and 12.5 μM) in 96 well-plate.After that 20 μL 0.2 U/mL α-glucosidase was added and incubated for 15 min at 37°C.To terminate the reaction, then 80 μL of sodium carbonate 0.2 mM was decapetala against diabetes 8 , but no study was reported yet which identify the responsible phytochemicals playing role in diabetes prevention.Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening and content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia belonging to different origins with respect to their antidiabetic activity and the identification of most bioactive specie.

Plant collection
During the month of July 2013, C. decapetala leaves were collected for isolation of major compounds from Dir, Pakistan and identified by Professor Whang Wan Kyunn.Collections of samples for HPLC analysis were done from South China botanical garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, GC University Lahore, and local market from Punjab, Pakistan.All plants specimens were submitted to the laboratory of pharmaceutical resources of the college of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.

PTP1B inhibitory assay
To investigate the PTP1B inhibitory activity, to each 96 well-plate 50 μL of reaction mixture containing PTP1B in a buffer composite of citrate buffer 50mM with pH 6, NaCl 0.1 mM, EDTA 1 mM, and DTT 1mM with or without samples of different concentrations (100 μM, 50 μM, 25 μM and 12.5 μM) and pre-incubation was done for 10 min at 37°C.After that, 50 μL was added and again incubated for 30 min at 37°C.After that 10μL of 10 M NaOH was added to stop the reaction.The absorbance was measured at 405 nm.Ursolic acid was used as positive control.The inhibition percentage was calculated with following formula [(A c -A s )/ A c ] × 100 %.A c represents the absorbance of control and A s represents the absorbance of the sample. 10

Statistical analysis
Data was presented as the mean ± standard deviation (S.D).Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and level of significance were measured at P < 0.05.

Antioxidant capacity
Active oxygen and free radical role in the progression of certain diseases in human such as ageing of skin and atherosclerosis has been well established.In this study, three free radicals such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical and superoxide anion radical were utilized to check the activities of the extracts and major isolated components from the leaves of C. decapetala.Table 2 and Figure 2 (a) presented the DPPH activity of isolated compounds and extracts of different species.Among the extract of different species, C. pulcherrima collected from China and Pakistan showed the best activity as compared to others in descending order, C.sappan > C. decapetala > C. Bonduc.Among all the isolated compounds, quercitrin exhibited the significant inhibition of DPPH in dose-dependent way.The IC 50 value of quercitrin is as follows 48.94 ±0.17 µM.Quercitrin showed the higher DPPH value than trolox but less than AA, positive controls.
In the measurement of superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds, hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system as a source of superoxide radical was used.The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds and extracts are mentioned in Table 2 and Figure 2 (b).According to condition employed, C. Pulcherrima collected from botanical garden in China and Pakistan exhibited the significant antioxidant activity as compared to others followed by, in decreasing order, C.sappan > C. decapetala > C. Bonduc while among the isolated compounds from C. Decapetala, quercitrin showed the significant inhibition activity 93.39 ± 1.86 μM in comparison with the other compounds but less activity than standard, allopurinol, 92.54 ± 0.69 μM.
ABTS radical scavenging activity of the major isolated compounds and extracts as shown in Table 2 and Figures 2 (c).According to condition employed in the assay, among the extracts of different species of Caesalpinia collected from different areas, samples of C. pulcherrima showed the best activity as compared to others followed by, in decreasing order, C.sappan > C. decapetala > C. Bonduc.Among the isolated compounds, only the quercitrin showed the potent inhibition activity as 60.42 ± 0.007 μM.But the IC 50 value was less than the standard control, AA and trolox.

PTP1B inhibiting capacity
In the measurement of the PTP1B inhibitory activity of isolated compounds, PTP1B was used.The inhibitory activity of the compounds isolated from C. decapetala is mentioned in Table 2 and Figure 3 (b).
According to condition employed, only compound 2 showed the significant inhibitory activity with IC 50 (43.4± 1.7 μM), while others did not show any activity against this enzyme in comparison with the positive control, an Ursolic acid having IC 50 0.8 ± 1.4 μM.There are many factors which are responsible for the cause of DM such as oxidative stress and enzyme inhibition. 2 By finding the natural resources and identification of the responsible compounds, new invention can be made for the treatment of this disease. 3Genus Caesalpinia has been used for a very long time for the treatment of diabetes 17 but it was yet to be identified that which active agents are responsible for the cure of diabetes and by which mechanism the bioactive constituents showed activity against DM.One of the main reasons of DM is related to the damage of pancreatic β-cells. 18This damaged is stimulated by the presence of excess amount of free radicals which results in excessive oxidative stress. 19To determine the antioxidant ability of the isolated compounds from C. decapetala along with extract of different species of genus Caesalpinia, we resorted three radical scavenging assay including DPPH assay, ABTS assay, and superoxide radical scavenging assay.Among the isolated compounds, only the quercitrin showed the significant inhibition against DPPH, ABTS assay, and superoxide radical assays.But in the case of extracts of different species of genus Caesalpinia exhibited different pattern against oxidant activity.We observed from our experiments that antioxidant activity against all used assays showed the similar pattern of inhibitory In our investigation in searching for the potential glucosidase inhibitor, all the isolated compounds from C. decapetala were tested against glucosidase inhibition and flavonoids derivatives showed good results.The flavonoid compounds isolated from C. decapetala showed activity at the dose of 250 μΜ in decreasing order: apignin-7-rhmanoside > quercitrin > 6-hydroxy-kaempferol > astragalin > naringin.Previous studies on flavonoid potency showed that in the α-glucosidase activity, the structure of flavonoid plays a very important role. 20The A, B, and C rings of flavonoids are related to the activity.The linkage of B-ring at position 3, 2,3-double bond, and hydroxylation at position 5 play a critical role and enhance its activity.Literature related to the α-glucosidase activity of flavonoids proves that the inhibitory activity increase with the increase in hydroxyl group on the B ring.1][22][23] Due to the presence of high amount of quercitrin in Caesalpinia pulcherrima, we can suggest that this species is more valuable against α-glucosidase activity for the treatment of DM.In the determination of PTP1B activity of isolated compounds from C. decapetala, the results showed that only compound 2 showed the significant activity in a dose-dependent manner.Therefore, we can suggest that genus Caesalpinia has a potential source of antidiabetic agents which can treat the DM in multiple ways.Future studies may be helpful to explore detailed mechanism of these bioactive constituents in animal models.

CONCLUSION
The present study reveals that quercitrin is the lead bioactive compound and C. pulcherrima is the most bioactive specie of genus Caesalpinia.In conclusion, the biological activities of the extracts of different species of genus Caesalpinia and their bioactive compounds that we have studied were in the alignment with their ethnopharmacological uses.We have explored the phytochemical composition of C. decapetala for the first time and proved its traditional use against diabetes with scientific evidence along with the content determination among different species of genus Caesalpinia belonging to different origins.Consequently, extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima can be commercialized as a source of antidiabetic agents Furthermore, in-vivo study may help to explore the detailed mechanism about antidiabetic effect of Caesalpinia pulcherrima.

Table 2 : IC 50 values of bioassays of isolated compounds from C. decapetala IC 50 ( nM) Compound name DPPH assay ABTS assay Superoxide assay a-glucosidase assay PTP1B assay
Vol 9, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2017activity in a dose-dependent manner and a decrease in following order C. Pulcherrima > C.sappan > C. decapetala > C. Bonduc.Quantitative and qualitative analysis showed that quercitrin is present in decreasing order as C. Pulcherrima > C.sappan > C. decapetala > C. Bonduc.The property and popularity of the medicinal plants are due to the presence of their more bioactive compounds.As the results exhibited that quercitrin is a most bioactive component in genus Caesalpinia as an antioxidant.Our findings revealed that antioxidant property of C. Pulcherrima is due to the presence of quercitrin.