Modulation of BCL-2 Family Proteins by Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract in High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity Rat Models

Background: Obesity induces chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of apoptosis-related proteins, particularly the BCL-2 family (BCL-2, BAK1, BAD). Moringa oleifera fruits are rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, yet their effects on BCL-2 family protein expression in obesity rat models remain poorly explored. Objective: This study investigated the modulation of Moringa oleifera fruit extract on BCL-2 family protein expression in obesity rat models. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal control (N), obesse control (O), obese + M. oleifera fruit extract (500 mg/kg BW, once (OEMO1) or twice daily (OEMO2)), and obese rats + Vitamin C (OC). After 30 days, liver tissues were collected. BCL-2 family proteins (BCL- 2, BAK1, and BAD) were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Obese rats (O) showed dysregulation of BCL-2 family protein expression, characterized by decreased pro-apoptotic and increased anti-apoptotic markers. Administration of M. oleifera fruit extract significantly restored BCL-2 family protein expression by increased anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and decreased pro-apoptotic (BAK1 and BAD) signaling expression of BCL-2 family protein (OEMO2) compared to obese controls (O) p<0,001. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera fruit extract modulates apoptosis-related proteins by restoring BCL-2 family balance in obesity rat livers, suggesting its potential as a pharmacognostic candidate for obesity-related hepatic dysfunction prevention in obesity rat models.