Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach

Nur Sofiatul Aini¹, Viol Dhea Kharisma², Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda^2,3, Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo², Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati^2,4, Dora Dayu Rahma Turista⁵, Muhammad Badrut Tamam⁶, Vikash Jakhmola⁷, Dony Novaliendry^8,9, Riso Sari Mandeli^8,10, Budhi Oktavia^8,11, Muhammad Thoriq Albari^8,12, Saddam Al Aziz^8,13, Muhammad Raffi Ghifari^8,12, Okta Suryani^8,11, Putri Azhari^8,14, Muhammad Arya Ghifari^8,12, Devi Purnamasari^8,15, Agariadne Dwinggo Samala^8,16, Mirella Fonda Maahury¹⁷, ANM Ansori¹⁸, Rahadian Zainul^8,11,*

¹Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Surabaya, Surabaya, INDONESIA.

²Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Generasi Biologi Indonesia Foundation, Gresik, INDONESIA.

³Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, INDONESIA.

⁴Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Kadiri, Kediri, INDONESIA.

⁵Biology Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, INDONESIA.

⁶Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Lamongan, Lamongan, INDONESIA.

⁷Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, INDIA.

⁸Center for Advanced Material Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Biophysics Informatics (CAMP-BIOTICS), Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

⁹Study Program of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹⁰Environmental Science, Postgraduate Programme, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹²Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, INDONESIA.

¹³Department Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹⁴Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹⁵Department of Radiology Engineering, Universitas Awal Bros, Pekanbaru, INDONESIA.

¹⁶Department Informatics and Computer Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA.

¹⁷Chemistry Department, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, INDONESIA.

¹⁸Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, INDONESIA